1. Gukuraho uduce tw'umukungugu mu cyumba gisukuye kidafite umukungugu
Akamaro k'ingenzi k'icyumba gisukuye ni ukugenzura isuku, ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe bw'ikirere ibicuruzwa (nk'ibice bya silikoni, nibindi) bihura nabyo, kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bishobore gukorwa no gukorwa ahantu heza ho gukorerwa ibidukikije. Iki kibanza twita icyumba gisukuye. Dukurikije imikorere mpuzamahanga, urwego rw'isuku rugenwa ahanini n'umubare w'uduce kuri metero kibe y'umwuka dufite umurambararo urenze urugero rw'ibyiciro. Mu yandi magambo, icyitwa ko kidafite ivumbi ntabwo kidafite ivumbi 100%, ahubwo kigenzurwa mu gice gito cyane. Birumvikana ko uduce twujuje ibipimo by'ivumbi muri iki gipimo dusanzwe ari duto cyane ugereranije n'ivumbi risanzwe tubona, ariko ku byuma bitanga urumuri, ndetse n'ivumbi rito rizagira ingaruka mbi cyane, bityo kuba kidafite ivumbi ni ikintu kidasubirwaho mu gukora ibikoresho bitanga urumuri.
Kugenzura umubare w'uduce tw'umukungugu dufite ingano irenga cyangwa ingana na mikoroni 0.5 kuri metero kibe kugeza munsi ya metero kibe 3520 kuri metero kibe bizagera ku rwego rwa A rw'amahame mpuzamahanga adafite umukungugu. Amategeko agenga umukungugu akoreshwa mu gukora no gutunganya uduce tw'umukungugu afite ibisabwa byinshi ku mukungugu kurusha icyiciro cya A, kandi ayo mahame akomeye akoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukora uduce tw'umukungugu two ku rwego rwo hejuru. Umubare w'uduce tw'umukungugu ugenzurwa cyane kuri metero kibe 35.200 kuri metero kibe, izwi cyane nka icyiciro cya B mu nganda zisukuye.
2. Ubwoko butatu bw'imiterere y'icyumba gisukuye
Icyumba gisukuye kirimo ubusa: icyumba gisukuye cyubatswe kandi gishobora gukoreshwa. Gifite serivisi n'imikorere yose ijyanye nacyo. Ariko, nta bikoresho bikoreshwa n'abakora muri icyo kigo.
Icyumba cyo gusukura kidahinduka: icyumba gisukuye gifite imikorere yuzuye, imiterere ikwiye n'uburyo gishyirwamo, gishobora gukoreshwa hakurikijwe imiterere cyangwa kiri gukoreshwa, ariko nta bakozi bahari muri icyo kigo.
Icyumba gisukuye gikoresha imbaraga: icyumba gisukuye gikoreshwa mu buryo busanzwe, gifite imirimo yuzuye, ibikoresho n'abakozi; nibiba ngombwa, imirimo isanzwe irashobora gukorwa.
3. Ibintu byo kugenzura
(1). Ishobora gukuraho uduce tw'umukungugu turi mu kirere.
(2). Bishobora gukumira ikorwa ry'uduce tw'umukungugu.
(3). Kugenzura ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe.
(4). Kugenzura umuvuduko.
(5). Gukuraho imyuka yangiza.
(6). Ubushobozi bw'umwuka mu byumba n'ibice by'aho ibintu biherereye.
(7). Kurinda amashanyarazi adahindagurika.
(8). Kurinda ihungabana ry'amashanyarazi.
(9). Gusuzuma ibintu by'umutekano.
(10). Gutekereza ku kuzigama ingufu.
4. Gushyira mu byiciro
Ubwoko bw'amazi atemba cyane
Umwuka winjira mu cyumba gisukuye uvuye mu gasanduku k’umwuka ushyushye unyuze mu muyoboro w’umwuka n’akayunguruzo k’umwuka (HEPA) mu cyumba gisukuye, hanyuma ugasubizwa mu nkuta zigabanyamo ibice cyangwa hasi hejuru ku mpande zombi z’icyumba gisukuye. Umuyaga ntugenda mu buryo bugororotse ariko ugaragaza imiterere idahwitse cyangwa ihindagurika. Ubwo bwoko bukwiriye icyumba gisukuye kiri hagati ya 1,000 na 100,000.
Ibisobanuro: Icyumba gisukuye aho umwuka utembera ku muvuduko utaringaniye kandi udahuye, uherekejwe n'umuyoboro usubira inyuma cyangwa umuyoboro ushyushye.
Ihame: Ibyumba bisukuye bikoresha umwuka usohoka kugira ngo bikomeze gukamura umwuka wo mu nzu no gukamura umwuka wanduye buhoro buhoro kugira ngo bigire isuku (ibyumba bisukuye muri rusange bikora ku rwego rw'isuku ruri hagati ya 1.000 na 300.000).
Ibiranga: Ibyumba bisukuye bifite imiraba byishingikiriza ku guhumeka kenshi kugira ngo bigere ku rwego rw'isuku n'isuku. Umubare w'impinduka mu guhumeka ugena urwego rw'isuku mu bisobanuro (uko umwuka uhinduka cyane, niko urwego rw'isuku rurushaho kuba rwinshi)
(1) Igihe cyo kwisukura: bivuze igihe icyumba gisukuye gitangira gutanga umwuka mu cyumba gisukuye hakurikijwe umubare w’umwuka wagenewe guhumeka kandi ivumbi ryinshi mu cyumba rigera ku rwego rw’isuku rwagenewe icyiciro cya 1.000 biteganijwe ko kitarenze iminota 20 (iminota 15 ishobora gukoreshwa mu kubara) icyiciro cya 10.000 biteganijwe ko kitarenze iminota 30 (iminota 25 ishobora gukoreshwa mu kubara) icyiciro cya 100.000 biteganijwe ko kitarenze iminota 40 (iminota 30 ishobora gukoreshwa mu kubara)
(2) Inshuro zo guhumeka (zakozwe hakurikijwe ibisabwa mu gihe cyo kwisukura cyavuzwe haruguru) icyiciro cya 1.000: Inshuro 43.5-55.3/isaha (igisanzwe: Inshuro 50/isaha) icyiciro cya 10.000: Inshuro 23.8-28.6/isaha (igisanzwe: Inshuro 25/isaha) icyiciro cya 100.000: Inshuro 14.4-19.2/isaha (igisanzwe: Inshuro 15/isaha)
Ibyiza: imiterere yoroheje, igiciro gito cyo kubaka sisitemu, byoroshye kwagura icyumba gisukuye, ahantu hamwe na hamwe hagenewe imirimo yihariye, intebe isukuye idafite ivumbi ishobora gukoreshwa mu kunoza urwego rw'icyumba gisukuye.
Ingaruka mbi: uduce tw'umukungugu duterwa n'ihindagurika ry'ikirere tureremba mu nzu kandi biragoye gusohoka, ibyo bikaba byanduza byoroshye ibikoresho bikoreshwa. Byongeye kandi, iyo sisitemu ihagaritswe hanyuma igatangira gukora, akenshi bifata igihe kirekire kugira ngo isuku igerweho.
Uruziga rw'amazi
Umwuka utemba ugenda mu murongo umwe ugororotse. Umwuka winjira mu cyumba unyuze mu kayunguruzo gafite igipimo cya 100% hanyuma ugasubizwa unyuze hasi cyangwa ku mbaho zo kugabanyamo ibice ku mpande zombi. Ubwo bwoko bukwiriye gukoreshwa mu byumba bisukuye bifite isuku nyinshi, muri rusange icyiciro cya 1 ~ 100. Hari ubwoko bubiri:
(1) Urujya n'uruza rw'amazi rugororotse: Umwuka utambitse uva muri aka gasanduku ugana mu cyerekezo kimwe hanyuma ugasubizwa n'umwuka ugaruka ku rukuta rwo hakurya. Ivumbi risohoka hanze rinyuze mu cyerekezo cy'umwuka. Muri rusange, umwanda uba mubi cyane ku ruhande rwo hepfo.
Ibyiza: Imiterere yoroshye, ishobora gukomera mu gihe gito nyuma yo gukoreshwa.
Ingaruka mbi: Ikiguzi cyo kubaka kiri hejuru ugereranyije n'amazi ahindagurika, kandi umwanya wo mu nzu ntabwo woroshye kwaguka.
(2) Inzira ihagaze: Igisenge cy'icyumba gitwikiriwe neza na filter za ULPA, kandi umwuka uhuha uhereye hejuru ugana hasi, ibyo bikaba bishobora kugira isuku nyinshi. Ivumbi riva mu gihe cy'igikorwa cyangwa rikorwa n'abakozi rishobora gusohoka vuba hanze ritagize ingaruka ku bindi bice by'akazi.
Ibyiza: Uburyo bworoshye bwo gucunga no guhagarara neza bushobora kugerwaho mu gihe gito nyuma y'uko igikorwa gitangiye, kandi ntibigire ingaruka zoroshye ku buryo imikorere cyangwa abayikora.
Ingaruka mbi: Ibiciro byo kubaka birahenze, umwanya wo gukoresha ugoye, imitako yo ku gisenge ifata umwanya munini, kandi bigorana gusana no gusimbuza imitako.
Ubwoko bw'ibice
Ubwoko bw'ibice bivanze ni uguhuza cyangwa gukoresha ubwoko bw'imigezi ihindagurika hamwe n'ubwoko bw'imigezi ihindagurika, bishobora gutanga umwuka mwiza cyane wo mu gace runaka.
(1) Isukura Umuyoboro: Koresha filter za HEPA cyangwa ULPA kugira ngo utwikire 100% by'ahantu hakorerwa cyangwa aho gukorera kugira ngo wongere urwego rw'isuku rugere hejuru y'icyiciro cya 10, bishobora kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gushyiraho no gukoresha.
Ubu bwoko busaba ko aho umukozi akorera hatandukanywa n'aho ibicuruzwa n'imashini bikorerwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko hagira ingaruka ku kazi n'ubwiza mu gihe cyo kubungabunga imashini.
Imiyoboro isukuye ifite izindi nyungu ebyiri: A. Yoroshye kwaguka mu buryo bworoshye; B. Gusana ibikoresho bishobora gukorwa byoroshye mu gace gakorerwamo isuku.
(2) Isuku y'umuyoboro: Kuzenguruka no gusukura umurongo w'ikorwa ry'ibicuruzwa wikora aho ibicuruzwa binyura, no kongera urwego rw'isuku rugera hejuru ya 100. Kubera ko ibicuruzwa, imikorere n'ibidukikije bitanga ivumbi bitandukanye, umwuka muke ushobora kugera ku isuku nziza, ishobora kuzigama ingufu kandi ikaba ikwiriye cyane ku miyoboro ikora yikora idasaba imirimo y'amaboko. Ikoreshwa mu nganda zikora imiti, ibiribwa n'ibikomoka kuri semiconductor.
(3) Ahantu Hasukuye: Isuku y'ahantu hasukuye mu cyumba gisukuye gifite icyumba gisukuye kingana na 10.000 ~ 100.000 irazamuka ikagera kuri 10.000 cyangwa irenga kugira ngo ikoreshwe; intebe zo gukoreramo zisukuye, amazu asukuye, ibyumba bisukuye byakozwe mbere, n'imyenda isukuye ni byo biri muri iki cyiciro.
Intebe isukuye: icyiciro cya 1 ~ 100.
Akazu gasukuye: Ahantu hato hazengurutswe n'igitambaro cya pulasitiki kibonerana kidahinduka kiri mu cyumba gisukuye gitemba, hakoreshwa HEPA cyangwa ULPA n'ibikoresho byigenga bikonjesha kugira ngo habe ahantu hasukuye ho hejuru, hafite urwego rwa 10 ~ 1000, uburebure bwa metero 2.5, n'ubuso bungana na metero 2 cyangwa munsi yacyo. Gifite inkingi enye kandi gifite amapine yimukanwa yo gukoreshwa mu buryo bworoshye.
5. Urugendo rw'umwuka
Akamaro k'umwuka utembera
Isuku y'icyumba gisukuye ikunze kugira ingaruka ku mwuka utemba. Mu yandi magambo, urujya n'uruza rw'umukungugu uterwa n'abantu, ibice by'imashini, inyubako, n'ibindi bigenzurwa n'umwuka utemba.
Icyumba gisukuye gikoresha HEPA na ULPA mu kuyungurura umwuka, kandi igipimo cyacyo cyo gukusanya ivumbi kiri hejuru cyane nka 99.97 ~ 99.99995%, bityo umwuka uyungururwa n'iyi filter ushobora kuvugwa ko usukuye cyane. Ariko, uretse abantu, hari n'amasoko y'ivumbi nk'imashini ziri mu cyumba gisukuye. Iyo iyi vumbi ryakozwe rimaze gukwirakwira, ntibishoboka kugumana umwanya usukuye, bityo umwuka ugomba gukoreshwa kugira ngo ivumbi ryakozwe risohoke vuba hanze.
Ibintu Bigira Ingaruka
Hari ibintu byinshi bigira ingaruka ku muvuduko w'umwuka mu cyumba gisukuye, nk'ibikoresho byo gutunganya ibikoresho, abakozi, ibikoresho byo guteranya ibikoresho bisukuye, amatara, nibindi. Muri icyo gihe, aho umwuka unyura hejuru y'ibikoresho bikorerwa hagomba kwitabwaho.
Aho umwuka utembera ku buso bw'ameza rusange yo gukoreramo cyangwa ibikoresho byo gukora hagomba gushyirwa kuri 2/3 by'intera iri hagati y'icyumba gisukuye n'ikibaho cyo kugabanyamo ibice. Muri ubu buryo, iyo umukozi arimo gukora, umwuka ushobora gutembera uva imbere mu gice cyo gukoreramo ujya mu gice cyo gukoreramo ugatwara umukungugu; niba aho umwuka utembera hashyizwe imbere y'igice cyo gukoreramo, bizaba nk'aho umwuka utembera mu buryo butari bwiza. Muri iki gihe, umwuka mwinshi uzatembera inyuma y'igice cyo gukoreramo, kandi umukungugu uterwa n'imikorere y'umukozi uzajyanwa inyuma y'ibikoresho, kandi aho gukorera hazaba haranduye, kandi umusaruro uzagabanuka nta kabuza.
Imbogamizi nk'ameza yo gukoreramo mu byumba bisukuye zizaba zifite imigezi y'amazi aho ihurira, kandi isuku iri hafi yazo izaba nkeya cyane. Gucukura umwobo w'umwuka ugaruka ku meza yo gukoreraho bizagabanya imiyaga y'amazi y'amazi; niba guhitamo ibikoresho byo guteranya bikwiye kandi niba imiterere y'ibikoresho ari myiza nabyo ni ibintu by'ingenzi bigaragaza niba imiyaga ihinduka imiyaga y'amazi y'amazi.
6. Imiterere y'icyumba gisukuye
Imiterere y'icyumba gisukuye igizwe n'ibi bikurikira (nta na kimwe muri byo gishobora kuba ingenzi mu bigize molecule z'icyumba), bitabaye ibyo ntibizashoboka gukora icyumba gisukuye cyuzuye kandi cyiza:
(1) Sisitemu yo gupfuka igisenge: harimo inkoni yo ku gisenge, umurambararo wa I cyangwa U, uruziga rwo ku gisenge cyangwa inkingi yo ku gisenge.
(2) Sisitemu yo gukonjesha: harimo akazu k'umwuka, sisitemu yo kuyungurura, imashini zikoresha umuyaga, n'ibindi.
(3) Urukuta rugabanya: harimo amadirishya n'inzugi.
(4) Igorofa: harimo igorofa iri hejuru cyangwa igorofa idahindagurika.
(5) Ibikoresho by'amatara: Itara rito risukura LED.
Imiterere y'ingenzi y'icyumba gisukuye muri rusange ikozwe mu byuma cyangwa sima, ariko uko byaba bimeze kose, igomba kuba yujuje ibi bikurikira:
A. Nta mikurire izabaho bitewe n'impinduka z'ubushyuhe n'imitingito;
B. Ntibyoroshye gukora uduce tw'umukungugu, kandi biragoye ko uduce dufatana;
C. Ubushyuhe buke mu mubiri;
D. Kugira ngo ubushuhe bukomeze kugumana mu cyumba gisukuye, ubushyuhe bugomba kuba buri hejuru;
7. Gushyira mu byiciro hakurikijwe ikoreshwa
Icyumba cyo gusukura mu nganda
Kugenzura utunyangingo tudafite ubuzima ni cyo kintu. Kigenzura cyane cyane ihumana ry’udukoko tw’umukungugu w’umwuka ujya ku kintu gikoreshwa, kandi imbere muri rusange hagumana igitutu cyiza. Kibereye inganda z’imashini zikora neza, inganda z’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga (semiconductors, integrated circuits, nibindi), inganda z’indege, inganda z’ibinyabutabire zifite isuku nyinshi, inganda z’ingufu za atome, inganda z’ibicuruzwa by’amatara n’ibya rukuruzi (CD, filime, kaseti) LCD (ikirahure cy’amazi), disiki ikomeye ya mudasobwa, inganda zikora umutwe wa mudasobwa n’izindi nganda.
Icyumba cy'isuku cy'ibinyabuzima
Ahanini igenzura umwanda w'udukoko tuzima (bagiteri) n'udukoko tudafite ubuzima (umukungugu) ku kintu gikora. Ishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri:
A. Icyumba cy’isuku rusange cy’ibinyabuzima: ahanini kigenzura umwanda w’ibintu bihumanya mikorobe (bagiteri). Muri icyo gihe, ibikoresho byacyo by’imbere bigomba kuba bishobora kwihanganira kwangirika kw’ibintu bitandukanye bisukura, kandi imbere muri rusange bitanga igitutu cyiza. Mu by’ukuri, ibikoresho by’imbere bigomba kuba bishobora kwihanganira uburyo butandukanye bwo gusukura mu byumba by’isukura. Ingero: inganda zikora imiti, ibitaro (ibyumba byo kubamo, ibyumba byo gucukuramo imiti), ibiribwa, amavuta yo kwisiga, gukora ibinyobwa, laboratwari z’amatungo, laboratwari zo gupima ibintu bifatika n’imiti, aho amaraso ashyirwa, nibindi.
B. Icyumba cyo gusukura gisukuye mu buryo bw'ibinyabuzima: ahanini kigenzura umwanda w'uturemangingo tw'ikintu gikorera hanze n'abantu. Igitutu cy'imbere kigomba kugumana umwuka mubi mu kirere. Ingero: bagiteri, ibinyabuzima, laboratwari zisukuye, ikoranabuhanga rya fiziki (uturemangingo dusubiramo, gutegura urukingo)
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-07-2025