Intangiriro
Nk’inkunga y’ingenzi mu nganda zigezweho, isuku y’amazu y’isuku yagize izamuka rikomeye mu myaka icumi ishize. Bitewe n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rikomeje kwiyongera no gukenera isoko, kubaka no gutanga serivisi zijyanye n’isuku y’amazu y’isuku byageze ku ntera ishimishije haba mu buhanga no mu buhanga.
Nk'ishami ry'ubwubatsi bw'ubwubatsi rikomeje guhabwa agaciro, ikoranabuhanga ryo mu cyumba cy'isuku ntirigira ingaruka gusa ku bintu by'ingenzi nko kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa no kunoza umusaruro, ahubwo rinagira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku guhangana kw'ibigo ndetse n'iterambere ryiza kandi rihamye ry'uruhererekane rw'inganda zose. Kubera iyo mpamvu, abashyiraho politiki ku rwego rw'igihugu no mu nzego z'ibanze, hamwe n'ibigo bitandukanye by'ishoramari n'abitabiriye uru rwego, bose bagaragaje ko bitaye cyane kuri uru rwego rw'isoko.
Iyi nkuru igamije kwerekana mu buryo burambuye aho ibikorwa by’ubwubatsi bw’imashini zitunganya isuku mu ngo bigeze ubu n’uko iterambere ry’ibigo by’ubwubatsi bw’isuku mu ngo rihagaze binyuze mu isesengura ry’ibarurishamibare ry’ibigo bifite amakuru yo kwiyandikisha mu nganda n’ubucuruzi arimo amagambo "imashini zitunganya isuku" cyangwa "imashini zitunganya isuku" (aha byitwa "imashini zitunganya isuku"), bitanga incamake yuzuye.
Mu mpera z'Ugushyingo 2024, ibigo 9.220 nk'ibyo byari byinjijwe mu gihugu hose, muri byo 7.016 byari mu mirimo isanzwe naho 2.417 byari byarakuwe mu bitabo. Ikigaragara ni uko kuva mu 2010, umubare w'ibigo bishya byashinzwe mu by'ubwubatsi bw'isuku wagaragaje ko uzamuka cyane: ku ikubitiro, ibigo bishya bigera kuri 200 byiyongeragaho buri mwaka, bigera kuri 800-900 mu myaka ya vuba aha, aho impuzandengo y'iterambere irenga 10%.
Mu 2024, igipimo cy’iterambere ry’isoko ry’inganda zikora isuku cyaragabanutse cyane. Imibare igaragaza ko umubare w’ibigo bishya byashinzwe kuva muri Mutarama kugeza Ugushyingo wari 612, igabanuka rya 37% uvuye kuri 973 muri icyo gihe cya 2023. Iri gabanuka rigaragaza rimwe mu magabanuka akomeye adasanzwe mu myaka 15 ishize. Ariko, ni ngombwa kumenya ko nubwo hari imbogamizi, igipimo cy’ibigo bishya byashinzwe muri uyu mwaka cyagumye hejuru ya 9%, kirenze igipimo cy’iterambere ry’inganda muri rusange.
Ukurikije imiterere y’ubutaka, ubwinshi bw’ibigo bikora isuku mu turere turimo ni bwinshi cyane, aho hari itandukaniro rinini hagati y’uturere tugize uturere. Intara eshanu zihuriweho za Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, na Zhejiang ni zo zigize ikigo cy’ingenzi cy’inganda, zigakurikirwa cyane n’Intara ya Guangdong. Iyi miterere itandukanye n’ikwirakwizwa ry’imishinga mishya. Urugero, intara nka Zhejiang na Hebei zifite imishinga myinshi y’isuku mu byumba, nyamara umubare wazo w’ibigo bikora isuku mu byumba byo mu gace utari hejuru cyane.
Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe neza imbaraga za buri ntara mu nganda z’ubuhanga mu by’isuku n’iby’isuku, iyi nkuru ikoresha imari yishyurwa nk'igipimo, ishyira mu byiciro ibigo bifite imari yishyurwa irenga miliyoni 5 z’ama-ruble nk’abayobozi muri urwo rwego. Ukurikije aho ibintu biherereye, iki cyiciro kirushaho kugaragaza ubusumbane mu turere: Intara za Jiangsu na Guangdong ziratandukanye bitewe n’imbaraga zazo zikomeye mu bukungu. Mu buryo bunyuranye, nubwo intara za Shandong, Henan, na Anhui zifite umubare munini w’ibigo, ntabwo zirusha izindi ntara cyane umubare w’ibigo bikomeye, bityo zigakomeza kuba zifite umubare nk’uwo w’ibigo bikomeye.
Gusuzuma igipimo cy’iterambere ry’intara n’uturere bitandukanye mu myaka itanu ishize bigaragaza ko, nubwo Intara ya Guangdong yatsinze neza muri rusange, iri inyuma mu rugamba rwo gushaka imyanya itanu ya mbere. Hagati aho, Intara za Hubei na Jiangxi, ziherereye mu Bushinwa bwo hagati, zagaragaje umuvuduko ukomeye w’iterambere. By’umwihariko, ni uko ku rwego rw’imijyi yo mu ntara, imirwa mikuru y’intara nka Zhengzhou, Wuhan, na Hefei yagaragaje iterambere rigaragara cyane. Ibi bihuye n’ingamba z’iterambere ry’igihugu zigenda zijya mu turere two hagati n’utw’iburengerazuba, aho utu turere tugenda tuba ingenzi mu iterambere ry’inganda.
Suzhou na Wujiang, imijyi ikomeye mu Ntara ya Jiangsu. Mu gihugu hose, imijyi 16 gusa yo ku rwego rw'uturere ifite ibigo birenga 100 bikora mu rwego rw'ubuhanga mu gutunganya isuku. Akarere ka Wujiang muri Suzhou kayoboye n'ibigo bigera kuri 600, karuta cyane indi mijyi yose. Byongeye kandi, umubare w'ibigo mu mijyi yo ku rwego rw'uturere muri iyo ntara muri rusange urenze impuzandengo y'intara. Ikigaragara ni uko umubare w'ibigo bishya byashinzwe mu myaka ibiri ishize nawo wabaye munini cyane ugereranije n'utundi turere, aho abarenga kimwe cya kabiri bafite imari shingiro yishyurwa (ugereranije n'imijyi myinshi yo mu zindi ntara, aho inyinshi mu bigo bishya byashinzwe zitararangiza kwishyura bene iyo nguzanyo).
Intara ya Guangdong, iri ku isonga mu Bushinwa bw'Amajyepfo, ibona ko iterambere ryayo rigabanuka. Nk'iya mbere mu Bushinwa bw'Amajyepfo, Intara ya Guangdong ikomeje ku mwanya wa kabiri mu rwego rw'ubuhanga mu gutunganya isuku. Ariko, mu myaka ya vuba aha, yahuye n'imbogamizi mu kongeramo ibigo bishya, bigatuma iterambere rigabanuka. Ariko, Intara ya Guangdong igaragaza urwego rwo hejuru rw'ubuhanga mu byumba byo gutunganya isuku. Guangdong, Shenzhen, na Zhuhai ntabwo ari byo gusa bifite umutungo mwinshi w'ibigo bifitanye isano n'iyi ntara, ahubwo binagaragara mu mijyi itanu ya mbere mu gihugu hose.
Intara ya Shandong: Irakwirakwijwe cyane, ni nini ariko ntifite imbaraga. Bitandukanye cyane na Jiangsu na Guangdong, urwego rw'ubuhanga mu byumba by'isuku mu Ntara ya Shandong rugaragaza urwego rwo hejuru rw'ubucucike. Ndetse no mu mijyi ikomeye muri politiki no mu bukungu nka Jinan na Qingdao, urwego rw'ubucucike ntabwo ruri hejuru cyane ugereranyije n'imijyi minini yo mu zindi ntara. Nyamara, ukurikije umubare rusange, Shandong iracyari mu mijyi itatu ya mbere mu gihugu hose. Ariko, iki kintu "kinini ariko kidakomeye" kigaragarira no kubura ibigo bikomeye. Ariko, igishimishije ni uko umubare w'ibigo bishya byashinzwe mu Ntara ya Shandong warenze uw'Intara ya Guangdong mu myaka ya vuba aha, bigaragaza ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gukura.
Incamake
Turateganya ko hari intambwe nyinshi z'ingenzi zigomba guterwa mu iterambere ry'ibigo by'isuku mu ngo. Icya mbere, iterambere rusange rizagabanuka, kandi kugabanuka kw'ibicuruzwa bishobora gutuma umubare w'ibigo bishya ugabanuka kurushaho. Icya kabiri, kwibanda ku nganda n' "ingaruka zikomeye" bizarushaho kugaragara, byihutishe gukuraho ibigo biri inyuma mu gihe ibigo bikomeye bifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ibindi bikorwa by'ingenzi byitezweho gufata isoko rinini. Amaherezo, ibigo bimwe na bimwe byo mu mijyi yo mu gihugu byitezwe ko bizavuka, cyane cyane mu mirwa mikuru y'intara, aho inyenyeri zizamuka, zifite imbaraga zihagije zo guhangana n'ibigo bikomeye mu "mahoteri yo gusukura" yashyizweho nka Jiangsu na Guangzhou, byitezwe ko bizavuka. Izi mpinduka ntizigaragaza gusa ivugurura rikomeye ry'inganda ahubwo zinatanga amahirwe mashya n'imbogamizi ku turere n'ibigo bitandukanye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 19 Nzeri 2025