Ivuka ryubwiherero bugezweho bwatangiriye mubikorwa byintambara. Mu myaka ya za 1920, Amerika yatangije bwa mbere ibisabwa kugira ngo habeho umusaruro usukuye mu gihe cyo gukora giroskopi mu nganda z’indege. Kugira ngo bakureho umukungugu wo mu kirere wangiza ibikoresho by’indege n’ibikoresho, bashizeho "ahantu hateranirizwa hamwe" mu mahugurwa no muri laboratoire, batandukanya uburyo bwo guteranya ibyuma biva mu bindi bicuruzwa ndetse n’ibikorwa bikorerwamo ndetse banatanga umwuka uhoraho. Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga ry’isuku nka filime ya hepa kugira ngo intambara ikenewe. Izi tekinoroji zakoreshejwe cyane cyane mubushakashatsi bwubushakashatsi bwa gisirikare no gutunganya ibicuruzwa kugirango bigerweho neza, miniaturizasiya, isuku ryinshi, ubuziranenge bwo hejuru, kandi byizewe cyane. Mu myaka ya za 1950, mu gihe cy'Intambara ya Koreya, ingabo z’Amerika zahuye n'ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byananiranye. Kurenga 80% bya radar byarananiranye, hafi 50% byumwanya wa hydroacoustic byarananiranye, naho 70% byibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byingabo birananirana. Amafaranga yo kubungabunga buri mwaka yarenze inshuro ebyiri igiciro cyambere kubera kutizera kwizerwa hamwe nubwiza budahuye. Amaherezo, igisirikare cy’Amerika cyagaragaje impamvu nyamukuru ari umukungugu n’ibidukikije by’uruganda byanduye, bigatuma umusaruro muke w’ibice. Nubwo ingamba zihamye zo guhagarika amahugurwa y’umusaruro, ikibazo ahanini cyakemutse. Kwinjiza hepa muyunguruzi muri aya mahugurwa amaherezo byakemuye ikibazo, biranga ivuka ryubwiherero bugezweho.
Mu ntangiriro ya 1950, Amerika yahimbye kandi ikora hepa muyunguruzi, ibyo bikaba ari intambwe ya mbere ikomeye mu ikoranabuhanga ry’isuku. Ibi byatumye hashyirwaho ubwiherero butandukanye bw’inganda mu nganda z’Amerika n’inganda zikora ibyogajuru, hanyuma, zikoreshwa cyane mu gukora ibikoresho byo mu ndege n’amazi yo mu nyanja, umuvuduko wa moteri, giroskopi, n’ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki. Mugihe ikoranabuhanga ryogusukura ryateye imbere byihuse muri Amerika, ibihugu byateye imbere kwisi nabyo byatangiye ubushakashatsi no kubishyira mubikorwa. Bavuga ko isosiyete ikora misile yo muri Amerika yavumbuye ko mugihe cyo guteranya giroskopi yubuyobozi butagira ingano mu mahugurwa ya Purdy, byasabwaga kongera gukora inshuro 120 kuri buri bice 10 byakozwe. Iyo guterana byakorewe ahantu hagenzurwa n’umwanda, igipimo cyo gukora cyaragabanutse kugera kuri bibiri gusa. Ugereranije ibyuma bya giroscope byateranijwe saa 1200 rpm ahantu hatarangwamo umukungugu hamwe n’umukungugu (hamwe nimpuzandengo ya diameter ya diametre ya 3μm hamwe nuduce duto twa 1000 pc / m³) byagaragaje itandukaniro ryikubye 100 mubuzima bwibicuruzwa. Inararibonye mu musaruro zagaragaje akamaro n’ihutirwa cyo kweza ikirere mu nganda za gisirikare kandi zagize uruhare runini mu iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ry’ikirere muri kiriya gihe.
Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryikirere cyiza mubisirikare cyane cyane bitezimbere imikorere nubuzima bwintwaro. Mu kugenzura isuku y’ikirere, ibirimo mikorobe, n’ibindi bihumanya, ikoranabuhanga ry’ikirere ritanga ibidukikije bigenzurwa neza n’intwaro, bigatanga umusaruro ushimishije ku bicuruzwa, kuzamura umusaruro, kurengera ubuzima bw’abakozi, no kubahiriza amabwiriza. Byongeye kandi, ikoranabuhanga ry’ikirere rikoreshwa cyane mu bigo bya gisirikare no muri laboratoire kugira ngo hakorwe neza ibikoresho n’ibikoresho byuzuye.
Intambara mpuzamahanga itangiye itera imbere mu nganda za gisirikare. Uru ruganda rwagutse vuba rusaba ibidukikije byujuje ubuziranenge, haba mu kuzamura ubuziranenge bwibikoresho fatizo, gutunganya no guteranya ibice, cyangwa kuzamura ubwizerwe nubuzima bwa serivisi bwibigize nibikoresho byuzuye. Ibisabwa biri hejuru birashyirwa mubikorwa byibicuruzwa, nka miniaturizasiya, ibisobanuro bihanitse, ubuziranenge bwo hejuru, ubuziranenge, kandi bwizewe. Byongeye kandi, uko ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ritera imbere, niko bisabwa kugira isuku ku bidukikije.
Ikoranabuhanga ry’isuku rikoreshwa cyane cyane mu rwego rwa gisirikare mu gukora no gufata neza indege, ubwato bw’intambara, misile, n’intwaro za kirimbuzi, ndetse no gukoresha no gufata neza ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki mu gihe cy’intambara. Ikoranabuhanga ry’isuku ryemeza neza ibikoresho bya gisirikare n’ibidukikije by’umusaruro hagamijwe kugenzura ibyuka bihumanya ikirere nkibintu byangiza, umwuka mubi, na mikorobe, bityo bikazamura imikorere y’ibikoresho kandi byizewe.
Gusaba ubwiherero mubikorwa bya gisirikare harimo cyane cyane gutunganya neza, gukora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, hamwe nindege. Mu gutunganya neza, isuku itanga umukungugu utagira umukungugu kandi udafite akazi keza, ukareba neza nubuziranenge bwibice bya mashini. Kurugero, gahunda yo kugwa kwa Apollo ukwezi kwasabye urwego rwisuku rwinshi cyane kugirango rukoreshwe neza hamwe nibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, aho ikoranabuhanga ryogusukura ryagize uruhare runini. Mu gukora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, isuku igabanya neza igipimo cyo kunanirwa kwibikoresho bya elegitoroniki. Ikoranabuhanga mu isuku naryo ni ingenzi mu nganda zo mu kirere. Mu butumwa bwo kugwa kwa Apollo ukwezi, ntabwo byasabye gusa gutunganya neza ibikoresho no kugenzura ibikoresho bya elegitoronike bisaba ibidukikije bisukuye cyane, ariko ibikoresho n'ibikoresho byakoreshwaga mu kugarura amabuye y'ukwezi nabyo byagombaga kuba byujuje ubuziranenge bwo hejuru cyane. Ibi byatumye habaho iterambere rya tekinoroji ya laminar hamwe nubwiherero bwo mu cyiciro cya 100. Mu gukora indege, ubwato bwintambara, na misile, ubwiherero nabwo butuma ibicuruzwa bikora neza kandi bikagabanya kunanirwa n’umukungugu.
Ikoranabuhanga mu isuku rikoreshwa kandi mu buvuzi bwa gisirikare, mu bushakashatsi bwa siyansi, no mu zindi nzego kugira ngo hamenyekane neza niba umutekano w’ibikoresho n’ubushakashatsi mu bihe bikabije. Hamwe n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga, ibipimo by'isuku n'ibikoresho bihora bivugururwa, kandi ikoreshwa ryabo mu gisirikare riragenda ryiyongera.
Mu gukora no gufata neza intwaro za kirimbuzi, ibidukikije bisukuye birinda ikwirakwizwa ry’ibikoresho bya radiyo kandi bikarinda umutekano w’umusaruro. Kubungabunga ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki: Mubidukikije birwana, ubwiherero bukoreshwa mukubungabunga ibikoresho bya elegitoronike, birinda umukungugu nubushuhe kutagira ingaruka kumikorere yabyo. Umusaruro wibikoresho byubuvuzi: Mubikorwa byubuvuzi bya gisirikare, ubwiherero bwemeza neza ibikoresho byubuvuzi no kuzamura umutekano wabwo.
Misile zo ku mugabane wa Afurika, nk'igice cy'ingenzi mu ngamba z’igihugu, imikorere yazo n’ubwizerwe bifitanye isano itaziguye n’umutekano w’igihugu ndetse n’ubushobozi bwo gukumira. Kubwibyo, kugenzura isuku nintambwe yingenzi mugukora misile no kuyikora. Isuku idahagije irashobora gutuma umuntu yanduza misile, bikagira ingaruka nziza, itekanye, nigihe cyo kubaho. Isuku ryinshi ningirakamaro cyane mubice byingenzi nka moteri ya misile na sisitemu yo kuyobora, kugirango imikorere ya misile ihamye. Kugirango habeho isuku ya misile ihuza imipaka, abayikora bashyira mu bikorwa ingamba zikomeye zo kugenzura isuku, harimo gukoresha ubwiherero, intebe zisukuye, imyenda y’isuku, hamwe n’isuku buri gihe no kugerageza ibidukikije.
Isuku ishyirwa mubikorwa ukurikije urwego rwisuku, hamwe nurwego rwo hasi rwerekana urwego rwo hejuru rwisuku. Ibyiciro rusange byogusukura birimo: Icyumba cyogusukura 100, cyane cyane gikoreshwa mubidukikije bisaba isuku cyane, nka laboratoire yibinyabuzima. Icyumba cy’isuku cyo mu cyiciro cya 1000, kibereye ibidukikije bisaba gucukumbura neza no gutanga umusaruro mugihe cya misile ihuza imipaka; Icyumba cy’isuku 10000, gikoreshwa mubidukikije bisaba isuku ryinshi, nko guteranya ibikoresho bya hydraulic cyangwa pneumatic. Icyiciro 10000 cyogusukura, gikwiranye nogukora ibikoresho rusange.
Iterambere rya ICBM risaba icyumba cyogusukura 1000. Isuku yo mu kirere ni ingenzi cyane mu gihe cyo guteza imbere no gutanga umusaruro wa ICBM, cyane cyane mu gihe cyo gutangiza no gukora ibikoresho bisobanutse neza, nko gukora laser na chip, ubusanzwe bisaba icyiciro cya 10000 cyangwa icyiciro cya 1000 cy’ibidukikije bifite isuku. Iterambere rya ICBM risaba kandi ibikoresho byogusukura, bigira uruhare runini, cyane cyane mubice bya lisansi yingufu nyinshi, ibikoresho bikomatanya, hamwe ninganda zuzuye. Ubwa mbere, ingufu nyinshi zikoreshwa muri ICBMs zishyiraho ibisabwa bikomeye kubidukikije bisukuye. Iterambere ryibicanwa bitanga ingufu nyinshi nka NEPE lisansi ikomeye (NEPE, ngufi kuri Nitrate Ester Plasticized Polyether Propellant), lisansi yubahwa cyane ningufu zikomeye zifite ibitekerezo byihariye bya 2685 N · s / kg (bihwanye n'amasegonda 274 atangaje). Iyi moteri yimpinduramatwara yatangiriye mu mpera za za 70 kandi yatunganijwe neza na Hercules Corporation muri Amerika. Mu ntangiriro ya za 1980, yagaragaye nka moteri nshya ya nitramine ikomeye. Kubera ubwinshi bw’ingufu zidasanzwe, byahindutse ingufu zikomeye cyane mu byamamare rusange kugira ngo bikoreshwe ku isi hose.) Bisaba kugenzura neza isuku y’ibidukikije kugira ngo birinde umwanda kutagira ingaruka ku mikorere ya lisansi. Isuku igomba kuba ifite uburyo bwiza bwo kuyungurura ikirere no kuyivura, harimo umwuka wa hepa (HEPA) hamwe na filteri ya ultra-hepa (ULPA), kugirango ikureho ibintu byangiza ikirere, mikorobe, nibintu byangiza. Abafana hamwe na sisitemu yo guhumeka bigomba gukomeza ubushyuhe bukwiye, ubushuhe, n’imyuka ihumeka kugira ngo ubwiza bw’ikirere bujuje ibisabwa. Ubu bwoko bwa lisansi busabwa cyane muburyo bwo gushushanya ingano (igishushanyo mbonera cyibinyampeke nikibazo nyamukuru mugushushanya moteri ikomeye ya roketi, bigira ingaruka itaziguye kumikorere ya moteri no kwizerwa. Intete ya geometrie hamwe nubunini bugomba gutekereza kubintu byinshi, harimo igihe cyo gukora moteri, igitutu cya chambre yaka, hamwe no gutera) hamwe nuburyo bwo guta. Ibidukikije bisukuye bitanga ingufu za peteroli n'umutekano.
Icya kabiri, ibisasu bya misile bihuza imipaka nabyo bisaba ibikoresho bisukuye. Iyo ibikoresho byinshi nka fibre ya karubone na fibre ya aramid bikozwe mumashanyarazi, ibikoresho byihariye nibikorwa birasabwa kugirango imbaraga zumubiri nuburemere. Ibidukikije bisukuye bigabanya kwanduza mugihe cyo gukora, kwemeza ko imikorere yibintu itagira ingaruka. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bunoze bwo gukora misile zo mu mahanga nazo zisaba ibikoresho bisukuye. Ubuyobozi, itumanaho, hamwe na sisitemu yohereza muri misile byose bisaba umusaruro no guterana ahantu hasukuye cyane kugirango hirindwe umukungugu n’umwanda kugira ingaruka ku mikorere ya sisitemu.
Muri make, ibikoresho bisukuye nibyingenzi mugutezimbere misile zo hagati. Iremeza imikorere n'umutekano bya lisansi, ibikoresho, na sisitemu, bityo bikazamura ubwizerwe no kurwanya imikorere ya misile yose.
Gukoresha isuku birenze iterambere rya misile kandi biranakoreshwa cyane mubisirikare, mu kirere, muri laboratoire y'ibinyabuzima, gukora chip, gukora ibipapuro byerekana ibicuruzwa, no mubindi bice. Hamwe nogukomeza kugaragara kwikoranabuhanga rishya mubumenyi bwa mudasobwa, ibinyabuzima, na biohimiya, ndetse niterambere ryihuse ryinganda zikoranabuhanga rikomeye, inganda zikora isuku ku isi zimaze kumenyekana no kumenyekana ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Mugihe uruganda rwisuku ruhura ningorabahizi, rwuzuyemo amahirwe. Intsinzi muri uru ruganda iri mu kugendana niterambere ryikoranabuhanga no kwitabira guhinduka ku isoko.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-25-2025