Ivuka ry'icyumba cyo gusukura cya none ryatangiriye mu nganda za gisirikare zo mu gihe cy'intambara. Mu myaka ya 1920, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zatangije bwa mbere itegeko ryo gukora ahantu hasukuye mu gihe cyo gukora gyroscope mu nganda z'indege. Kugira ngo bakureho ivumbi ry'ibikoresho by'indege n'amabere, bashyizeho "ahantu ho guteranya ibintu hagenzurwa" mu nganda n'ama laboratwari, batandukanya inzira yo guteranya ibikoresho n'ahandi hantu ho gukora no gukora, ndetse banatanga umwuka uhoraho. Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, ikoranabuhanga ryo gusukura ibikoresho nka hepa filters ryakozwe kugira ngo rihuze n'ibyo intambara yari ikeneye. Iri koranabuhanga ryakoreshejwe cyane cyane mu bushakashatsi ku gerageza rya gisirikare no gutunganya ibicuruzwa kugira ngo hagerwe ku buryo bunoze, buto, busukuye cyane, bufite ireme, kandi bwizewe cyane. Mu myaka ya 1950, mu Ntambara ya Koreya, igisirikare cya Amerika cyahuye n'ibibazo bikomeye by'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga. Radar zirenga 80% zarananiwe, hafi 50% by'ibikoresho byo gupima amazi byarananiwe, naho 70% by'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga by'igisirikare byarananiwe. Amafaranga yo kubungabunga buri mwaka yarenze kabiri ikiguzi cya mbere bitewe n'uburyo ibice bidakora neza kandi ubuziranenge budahuye. Amaherezo, igisirikare cya Amerika cyasanze impamvu nyamukuru ari ivumbi n'ibidukikije by'inganda bidasukuye, bituma umusaruro w'ibice byabyo uba muke. Nubwo hari ingamba zikomeye zo guhagarika amaduka yo gukora, ikibazo cyakemutse cyane. Gushyiramo ibyuma bisukura umwuka bya hepa muri ayo maduka byakemuye ikibazo, ari na byo byatumye habaho ivuka ry'icyumba cyo gusukura cya kijyambere.
Mu ntangiriro za 1950, Amerika yavumbuye inakora filters z'umwuka za hepa, biba ikimenyetso cy'iterambere rya mbere rikomeye mu ikoranabuhanga ry'ibyumba byo gusukura. Ibi byatumye hashyirwaho ibyuma byinshi byo gusukura mu nganda mu nzego za gisirikare za Amerika n'inganda zikora ibyogajuru, hanyuma bikoreshwa cyane mu gukora ibikoresho by'indege n'ibijyanye n'amazi, accelerometers, gyroscopes, n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga. Uko ikoranabuhanga ry'ibyumba byo gusukura ryateraga imbere cyane muri Amerika, ibihugu byateye imbere ku isi nabyo byatangiye gukora ubushakashatsi no kubikoresha. Bivugwa ko ikigo cy'ibisasu bya misile cyo muri Amerika cyavumbuye ko iyo hateranywaga gyroscopes ziyobora ibintu mu ruganda rwa Purdy, hasabwaga kuvugurura inshuro 120 kuri buri mashini 10 zakozwe. Ubwo hateranywaga ahantu harangwa n'umukungugu ugenzurwa, igipimo cyo gusukura cyagabanutseho kigera kuri ebyiri gusa. Kugereranya ibyuma bya gyroscope byateranijwe kuri 1200 rpm mu kirere kitagira umukungugu n'ahantu huzuye umukungugu (hafite umurambararo w'uduce twa 3μm n'umubare w'uduce twa 1000 pc / m³) byagaragaje itandukaniro ryikubye inshuro 100 mu gihe cy'ubuzima bw'ibicuruzwa. Ubu bunararibonye mu musaruro bwagaragaje akamaro n'ubwihutirwe bwo gusukura umwuka mu nganda za gisirikare, kandi bwabaye imbaraga zikomeye mu iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ry'umwuka usukuye icyo gihe.
Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ry’umwuka usukuye mu gisirikare ahanini binoza imikorere n’ubuzima bw’intwaro. Mu kugenzura isuku y’umwuka, mikorobe, n’ibindi bintu bihumanya, ikoranabuhanga ry’umwuka usukuye ritanga ibidukikije bigenzurwa neza ku ntwaro, rituma umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa uboneka neza, rikongera umusaruro, ririnda ubuzima bw’abakozi, kandi rikubahiriza amabwiriza. Byongeye kandi, ikoranabuhanga ry’umwuka usukuye rikoreshwa cyane mu bigo bya gisirikare na laboratwari kugira ngo harebwe imikorere myiza y’ibikoresho n’ibikoresho by’ubuhanga.
Ivuka ry'intambara mpuzamahanga ririmo gutera imbere mu nganda za gisirikare. Uru rwego rukura vuba rusaba ibidukikije byiza byo gukora, haba mu kunoza ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho fatizo, gutunganya no guteranya ibice, cyangwa kongera ubwizigirwa n'ubuzima bw'ibikoresho n'ibikoresho byuzuye. Ibisabwa byinshi biri gushyirwa ku mikorere y'ibicuruzwa, nko gukora ibintu mu buryo buciriritse, gukora neza cyane, gukora neza cyane, gukora neza cyane, no gukora neza cyane. Byongeye kandi, uko ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu gukora rirushaho kuba ryiza, ni ko isuku ikenerwa mu bikorwa.
Ikoranabuhanga rya Cleanroom rikoreshwa cyane cyane mu rwego rwa gisirikare mu gukora no kubungabunga indege, amato y'intambara, ibisasu bya kirimbuzi, ndetse no gukoresha no kubungabunga ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga mu gihe cy'intambara. Ikoranabuhanga rya Cleanroom rituma ibikoresho bya gisirikare bitunganywa neza kandi bigasukura ibidukikije binyuze mu kugenzura ibintu byanduye mu kirere nk'udukoko, umwuka mubi, na mikorobe, bityo bikanoza imikorere n'uburyo ibikoresho byizewe.
Ikoreshwa mu byumba byo gusukura mu gisirikare rikubiyemo cyane cyane imashini zitunganya neza, ikorwa ry'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, n'indege. Mu imashini zitunganya neza, imashini zitunganya neza zitanga ahantu hadasukuye kandi hatanduye, bigamije kwemeza neza n'ubwiza bw'ibice bya mekanike. Urugero, gahunda yo kugwa ku kwezi kwa Apollo yasabaga isuku yo hejuru cyane ku bikoresho bitunganya neza no kugenzura ikoranabuhanga, aho ikoranabuhanga ryo gusukura ryagize uruhare runini. Mu gukora ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, imashini zitunganya neza zigabanya neza igipimo cyo gutsindwa kw'ibice by'ikoranabuhanga. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gusukura naryo ni ingenzi mu nganda zikora iby'indege. Mu gihe cyo kugwa ku kwezi kwa Apollo, ntabwo gusa ibikoresho byo gusukura neza no kugenzura ikoranabuhanga byasabaga ibidukikije bisukuye cyane, ahubwo n'ibikoresho byakoreshejwe mu kugarura amabuye yo ku kwezi nabyo byagombaga kuzuza amahame y'isuku yo hejuru cyane. Ibi byatumye habaho iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenda neza n'icyumba cyo gusukura cya Class 100. Mu gukora indege, amato y'intambara, na misile, imashini zitunganya neza zituma ibice bitunganya neza kandi zikagabanya gutsindwa guterwa n'umukungugu.
Ikoranabuhanga rya Cleanroom rikoreshwa kandi mu buvuzi bwa gisirikare, ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi, n'izindi nzego kugira ngo ibikoresho n'igerageza bikoreshwe neza kandi bigenzurwe neza mu bihe bikomeye. Hamwe n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga, amahame n'ibikoresho by'isuku bihora bivugururwa, kandi ikoreshwa ryabyo mu gisirikare riri kwiyongera.
Mu gukora no kubungabunga intwaro za kirimbuzi, ibidukikije bisukuye birinda ikwirakwira ry'ibikoresho bikoresha imirasire kandi bikanarinda umutekano w'ibikorwa. Kubungabunga ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga: Mu bibuga by'imirwano, icyumba cy'isuku gikoreshwa mu kubungabunga ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, birinda ivumbi n'ubushuhe kugira ingaruka ku mikorere yabyo. Kutunganya ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi: Mu rwego rw'ubuvuzi rwa gisirikare, icyumba cy'isuku gishimangira ko ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi bidapfa kwangirika kandi kikanoza umutekano wabyo.
Ibisasu bya misile biva ku mugabane, nk'igice cy'ingenzi cy'ingabo z'igihugu, imikorere yabyo n'ubwizigirwa bwabyo bifitanye isano itaziguye n'umutekano w'igihugu n'ubushobozi bwo gukumira. Kubwibyo, kugenzura isuku ni intambwe ikomeye mu gukora no gukora ibisasu bya misile. Isuku idahagije ishobora gutera kwanduza ibice bya misile, bigira ingaruka ku buryo bitunganye, ku buryo bihamye, no ku gihe bimara. Isuku nyinshi ni ingenzi cyane ku bice by'ingenzi nka moteri za misile n'uburyo bwo kuyobora, bigatuma ibisasu bikomeza gukora neza. Kugira ngo ibisasu bya misile biva ku mugabane bikomeze kugira isuku, ababikora bashyira mu bikorwa ingamba zikomeye zo kugenzura isuku, harimo gukoresha icyumba cy'isuku, intebe zisukuye, imyenda isukuye, no gusukura no kugerageza ibidukikije bikorerwamo.
Icyumba cyo gusukura gishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe urwego rw'isuku yacyo, aho urwego rwo hasi rugaragaza urwego rwo hejuru rw'isuku. Ibyiciro bisanzwe by'icyumba cyo gusukura birimo: Icyumba cyo gusukura cya 100, gikoreshwa cyane cyane mu bidukikije bisaba isuku nyinshi cyane, nka laboratwari za biyoloji. Icyumba cyo gusukura cya 1000, gikwiriye ibidukikije bisaba gukosora no gukora neza cyane mu gihe cyo guteza imbere misile hagati y'ibihugu; Icyumba cyo gusukura cya 10000, gikoreshwa mu bidukikije bisaba isuku nyinshi, nko guteranya ibikoresho bya hydraulic cyangwa pneumatic. Icyumba cyo gusukura cya 10000, gikwiriye gukorwa mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga rusange.
Iterambere rya ICBM risaba icyumba cy’isuku cya Class 1000. Isuku y’umwuka ni ingenzi cyane mu gihe cyo guteza imbere no gukora ICBM, cyane cyane mu gihe cyo gutangiza no gukora ibikoresho bifite ubuhanga buhanitse, nko gukora laser na chips, akenshi bisaba ibidukikije bifite Class 10000 cyangwa Class 1000 bisukuye cyane. Iterambere rya ICBM risaba kandi ibikoresho bifite suku, bigira uruhare runini, cyane cyane mu bijyanye na lisansi ikoresha ingufu nyinshi, ibikoresho bivanze, no gukora neza. Ubwa mbere, lisansi ikoresha ingufu nyinshi ikoreshwa muri ICBM ishyira ibisabwa bikomeye ku bidukikije bisukuye. Iterambere rya lisansi ikoresha ingufu nyinshi nka lisansi ikomeye ya NEPE (NEPE, mu magambo ahinnye ya Nitrate Ester Plasticized Polyether Propellant), lisansi ikomeye ifatwa cyane ifite ingufu nyinshi ifite imbaraga zidasanzwe za 2685 N·s/kg (bingana n’amasegonda 274 atangaje). Iyi propellant y’impinduramatwara yavutse mu mpera za 1970 kandi yakozwe neza cyane na Hercules Corporation muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Mu ntangiriro za 1980, yagaragaye nk'ipropellant nshya ya nitramine solid. Kubera ubucucike bwayo budasanzwe bw'ingufu, yabaye igikoresho gitanga ingufu nyinshi kurusha ibindi byose byakozwe na rubanda ku isi hose.) isaba kugenzura neza isuku y'ibidukikije kugira ngo hirindwe ko imyanda yagira ingaruka ku mikorere ya lisansi. Icyumba cyo gusukura kigomba kuba gifite uburyo bwiza bwo kuyungurura no gutunganya umwuka, harimo n'umwuka wa hepa (HEPA) n'umwuka wa ultra-hepa (ULPA), kugira ngo gikureho uduce duto two mu kirere, udukoko duto, n'ibindi bintu byangiza. Abafana n'ibikoresho bitanga umwuka bigomba kubungabunga ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, n'umuvuduko ukwiye w'umwuka kugira ngo bigenzure ko ubwiza bw'umwuka buhuye n'ibisabwa mu musaruro. Ubu bwoko bwa lisansi busaba cyane imiterere y'ibinyampeke (igishushanyo mbonera cy'imiterere y'ibinyampeke ni ikibazo cy'ingenzi mu miterere ya moteri ikomeye, bigira ingaruka ku mikorere ya moteri no kwizerwa. Imiterere y'ibinyampeke n'ingano bigomba kuzirikana ibintu byinshi, harimo igihe moteri ikora, umuvuduko w'icyumba cyo gutwika, n'uburyo bwo gusuka) n'uburyo bwo gusuka. ibidukikije bisukuye bitanga umutekano uhamye n'umutekano.
Icya kabiri, udusanduku tw’ibisasu bivanze mu bihugu bya Afurika na two dukenera ibikoresho bisukuye. Iyo ibikoresho bivanze nka fibre ya karubone na fibre ya aramide bishyizwe mu gasanduku ka moteri, ibikoresho byihariye n’imikorere birakenewe kugira ngo ibikoresho bikomere kandi byoroshye. Ubuzima bwiza bugabanya umwanda mu gihe cyo gukora, bigamije ko imikorere y’ibikoresho idahinduka. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwo gukora neza ibisasu bivanze mu bihugu bya Afurika nabwo busaba ibikoresho bisukuye. Ubuyobozi, itumanaho, na sisitemu zikoresha ibisasu byose bisaba gukorwa no guteranywa ahantu hasukuye cyane kugira ngo hirindwe ko ivumbi n’imyanda byagira ingaruka ku mikorere ya sisitemu.
Muri make, ibikoresho bisukuye ni ingenzi mu iterambere rya misile zo mu bihugu by'imigabane. Bituma lisansi, ibikoresho, n'imikoreshereze yabyo birushaho gukora neza, bityo bikanoza ubwizigirwa n'ubushobozi bwo kurwana bwa misile yose.
Ikoreshwa rya Cleanroom rirenze iterambere rya misile kandi rikoreshwa cyane mu gisirikare, mu kirere, muri laboratwari z'ibinyabuzima, mu gukora chips, mu gukora ecran za flat-panels, n'ahandi. Bitewe n'iterambere rikomeje ry'ikoranabuhanga rishya mu bumenyi bwa mudasobwa, biology, na biochimie, ndetse n'iterambere ryihuse ry'inganda zikora ikoranabuhanga rihanitse, inganda ku isi mu by'ubwubatsi bya cleanroom zagiye zikoreshwa cyane kandi zizwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Nubwo inganda zikora cleanroom zihura n'ibibazo, nazo zuzuyemo amahirwe. Intsinzi muri uru rwego ishingiye ku kugendana n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga no gusubiza impinduka ku isoko.
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: 25 Nzeri 2025