ISUKURU N'IGENZURA RY'IBYIYUMVIRO BY'IMYANDA

Igitekerezo cy'icyumba cyo gusukura

Gusukura: bivuga inzira yo gukuraho imyanda kugira ngo haboneke isuku ikenewe.

Gusukura umwuka: igikorwa cyo gukuraho imyanda mu kirere kugira ngo umwuka ube mwiza.

Uduce: ibintu bikomeye n'ibikomoka ku mazi bifite ingano rusange iri hagati ya 0.001 na 1000μm.

Uduce duto duto: uduce duto n'utwo mu mazi dufite ingano iri hagati ya 0.1 na 5μm mu kirere dukoreshwa mu gushyira mu byiciro isuku y'umwuka.

Ikizamini kidahinduka: ikizamini gikorwa iyo sisitemu y'ubukonjesha mu cyumba cy'isuku ikora neza, ibikoresho byo gutunganya ibikoresho byashyizweho, kandi nta bakozi bakora mu cyumba cy'isuku bahari.

Ikizamini gihinduka: ikizamini gikorwa iyo icyumba cy'isuku kiri mu bikorwa bisanzwe.

Kutagira ubumuga: kutagira ibinyabuzima bizima.

Gusukura: uburyo bwo kugera ku mimerere yo gusukura. Itandukaniro riri hagati y'icyumba cy'isuku n'icyumba gisanzwe gifite icyuma gikonjesha. Ibyumba by'isuku n'ibyumba bisanzwe bifite icyuma gikonjesha ni ahantu hakoreshwa uburyo bw'ubukorano kugira ngo habeho kandi habungabungwe ibidukikije by'umwuka bigera ku bushyuhe runaka, ubushuhe, umuvuduko w'umwuka n'isukura ry'umwuka. Itandukaniro riri hagati y'ibyo byombi ni iri rikurikira:

Icyumba gisukuye icyumba gisanzwe gifite icyuma gikonjesha

Uduce tw’umwuka wo mu nzu tugomba kugenzurwa. Ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, umuvuduko w’umwuka n’ingano y’umwuka bigomba kugera ku rugero runaka rw’ingufu zikoreshwa mu guhumeka (icyumba gisukura amazi inshuro 400-600 ku isaha, icyumba gisukura amazi inshuro 15-60 ku isaha).

Muri rusange, ubushyuhe bugabanukaho inshuro 8-10 ku isaha. Guhumeka ni ubushyuhe buhoraho mu cyumba inshuro 10-15 ku isaha. Uretse kugenzura ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe, isuku igomba kugeragezwa buri gihe. Ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe bigomba kugeragezwa buri gihe. Ingufu z'umwuka zigomba kunyura mu buryo butatu bwo kuyungurura, kandi icyuma gikoresha ibyuma by'umwuka bya hepa. Koresha ibikoresho by'ibanze, ibiciriritse n'ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe. Icyumba gisukuye kigomba kuba gifite igitutu runaka cya ≥10Pa ku gice gikikije. Hari igitutu cyiza, ariko nta gisabwa cyo gupima. Abakozi binjira bagomba guhindura inkweto zidasanzwe n'imyenda idahumanye hanyuma banyuze mu bwogero bw'umwuka. Gutandukanya urujya n'uruza rw'abantu n'ibikoresho.

Uduce duto duto: muri rusange yerekeza ku duce duto n'utwo mu mazi duhagaze mu kirere, kandi ingano yatwo ni hagati ya 0.1 na 5μm. Isuku: ikoreshwa mu kugena ingano n'umubare w'uduce duto turi mu kirere kuri buri gice cy'ubunini bw'umwanya, ari na cyo gipimo cyo gutandukanya isuku y'umwanya.

Airlock: Icyumba cy'ubutabazi gishyirwa ku muryango n'aho basohokera mu cyumba gisukuye kugira ngo kibuze umwuka wanduye n'uburyo bwo kugenzura itandukaniro ry'umuvuduko w'umwuka uturuka hanze cyangwa hafi y'icyumba.

Gufukura umwuka: Ubwoko bw'umwuka ufunga umwuka ukoresha amafeni, ibyuma biyungurura, n'uburyo bwo kugenzura umwuka kugira ngo uhuhe umwuka ukikije abantu binjira mu cyumba. Ni bumwe mu buryo bwiza bwo kugabanya umwanda wo hanze.

Imyenda yo gukora isukuye: Imyenda isukuye ikoresha ivumbi rike kugira ngo igabanye uduce duto twakozwe n'abakozi.

Akayunguruzo k'umwuka ka Hepa: Akayunguruzo k'umwuka gafite ubushobozi bwo gufata ibintu birenga 99.9% ku duce dufite umurambararo urenze cyangwa ungana na 0.3μm n'ubudahangarwa bw'umwuka buri munsi ya 250Pa ku bunini bw'umwuka bupimwe.

Akayunguruzo k'umwuka ka Ultra-hepa: Akayunguruzo k'umwuka gafite ubushobozi bwo gufata ibintu birenga 99.999% ku duce dufite umurambararo wa 0.1 kugeza 0.2μm kandi gafite ubushobozi bwo kwirinda urujya n'uruza rw'umwuka ruri munsi ya 280Pa ku bunini bw'umwuka.

Isuku: Igizwe na sisitemu yo gusukura umwuka hagati n’isukura umwuka, kandi ni ingenzi mu isukura, ikorana kugira ngo ibipimo bitandukanye bigerweho. Kugenzura ubushyuhe n’ubushuhe: Isuku ni cyo gisabwa na GMP ku bigo bikora imiti, kandi sisitemu yo gusukura umwuka hagati n’isukura ni yo shingiro ryo kugera ku gice cyo gusukura. Sisitemu yo gusukura umwuka hagati n’isukura ishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: Sisitemu yo gusukura umwuka hagati n’isukura ishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: Sisitemu yo gusukura umwuka hagati n’isukura umwuka hagati n’isukura umwuka ishobora koherezwa mu cyumba, hanyuma umwuka wose ugasohoka. Yitwa kandi sisitemu yuzuye isohora umwuka, ikoreshwa mu matsinda afite ibisabwa byihariye. Ahantu hakora ivumbi ku igorofa rya kane ry’isukura umwuka hasanzwe ni aha ubwoko bw’ubu bwoko, nko mu cyumba cyo kumishamo granulation, ahantu ho kuzuza ibinini, ahantu ho gusiga, ahantu ho gusya no gupima. Kubera ko isukura umwuka mwinshi, hakoreshwa sisitemu yo gusukura umwuka hagati n’isukura umwuka hagati n’isukura umwuka hagati n’isukura umwuka hagati n’isukura umwuka hagati. Ubusanzwe ingano y'umwuka mwiza wo hanze ibarwa nka 30% by'ingano y'umwuka wose mu cyumba gisukuye, kandi igomba no kuzuza ibisabwa kugira ngo ihuze n'umwuka uva mu cyumba. Gusubiramo umwuka bigabanyijemo umwuka usohoka mu cyumba mbere na kabiri. Itandukaniro riri hagati y'umwuka usohoka mu cyumba mbere na kabiri: Muri sisitemu y'umwuka isukuye, umwuka usohoka mu cyumba mbere bivuga umwuka usohoka mu nzu ubanza uvanze n'umwuka mwiza, hanyuma ugatunganywa n'icyuma gikonjesha hejuru (cyangwa icyumba gisukura amazi) kugira ngo kigere ku rugero rw'aho imashini igeze, hanyuma ugashyushwa n'icyuma gisukura mbere na mbere kugira ngo kigere ku rugero rw'aho imashini igeze (kugira ngo ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe bihoraho). Uburyo bw'umwuka usohoka mu cyumba mbere na mbere ni uko umwuka usohoka mu cyumba mbere na mbere uvangwa n'umwuka mwiza hanyuma ugatunganywa n'icyuma gisukura hejuru (cyangwa icyumba gisukura amazi) kugira ngo kigere ku rugero rw'aho imashini igeze, hanyuma ukavangwa n'umwuka usohoka mu nzu rimwe, kandi imiterere y'umwuka wo mu nzu ishobora kugerwaho hakoreshejwe kugenzura ikigereranyo cyo kuvanga (cyane cyane sisitemu yo gukuraho ubushuhe).

Igitutu cyiza: Ubusanzwe, ibyumba bisukuye bigomba kugumana igitutu cyiza kugira ngo hirindwe ko umwanda winjira mu kirere, kandi bifasha mu gusohora ivumbi ry’imbere mu kirere. Igitutu cyiza muri rusange gikurikiza imiterere ibiri ikurikira: 1) Itandukaniro ry’igitutu hagati y’ibyumba bisukuye by’urwego rutandukanye n’ahantu hasukuye n’ahantu hadasukuye ntirigomba kuba munsi ya 5Pa; 2) Itandukaniro ry’igitutu hagati y’aho gukorera isuku mu nzu no hanze ntirigomba kuba munsi ya 10Pa, muri rusange 10 ~ 20Pa. (1Pa = 1N / m2) Dukurikije "Ibisobanuro by’Ishusho y’Icyumba Gisukuye", guhitamo ibikoresho byo kubungabunga icyumba gisukuye bigomba kuzuza ibisabwa mu gukingira ubushyuhe, gukingira ubushyuhe, gukumira inkongi, kurwanya ubushuhe, n’ivumbi rike. Byongeye kandi, ibisabwa mu bushyuhe n’ubushuhe, kugenzura itandukaniro ry’igitutu, ingano y’umwuka utembera n’umuyoboro w’umwuka, abantu binjira n’abasohoka, no gutunganya umwuka neza birategurwa kandi bigakorana kugira ngo habeho sisitemu y’icyumba gisukuye.

1. Ibisabwa ku bushyuhe n'ubushuhe

Ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe bw'icyumba cy'isuku bigomba kuba bihuye n'ibisabwa mu musaruro w'ibicuruzwa, kandi ibidukikije by'umusaruro n'ihumure ry'umukoresha bigomba kwemezwa. Iyo nta byangombwa byihariye bihari mu musaruro w'ibicuruzwa, ubushyuhe bw'icyumba cy'isuku bushobora kugenzurwa kuri dogere 18-26°C kandi ubushuhe bushobora kugenzurwa kuri dogere 45-65%. Ukurikije uburyo bwo kugenzura cyane ubwandu bwa mikorobe mu gice cy'ibanze cy'imikorere ya aseptic, hari ibisabwa byihariye ku myenda y'abakora muri ako gace. Kubwibyo, ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe bw'ahantu hasukuye bishobora kugenwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa byihariye by'uburyo n'umusaruro bikorwa.

1. Kugenzura itandukaniro ry'umuvuduko

Kugira ngo hirindwe ko isuku y'icyumba gisukuye yanduzwa n'icyumba cyegeranye, umwuka unyura mu cyuho cy'inyubako (icyuho cy'inzugi, aho inkuta zinjira, imiyoboro y'amazi, nibindi) mu cyerekezo cyagenwe ushobora kugabanya urujya n'uruza rw'ibintu byangiza. Uburyo bwo kugenzura icyerekezo cy'umwuka ni ukugenzura igitutu cy'ahantu hegeranye. GMP isaba itandukaniro ry'igitutu ripimirwa (DP) kugira ngo rikomeze kuba hagati y'icyumba gisukuye n'ahantu hegeranye hasukuye. Agaciro ka DP hagati y'urugero rw'umwuka rutandukanye muri GMP yo mu Bushinwa kagenwa ko katari munsi ya 10Pa, kandi itandukaniro ry'igitutu cyiza cyangwa kibi rigomba gukomeza gukurikizwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa mu buryo.

1. Imiterere y'umwuka n'ingano y'umwuka. Imiterere y'umwuka ikwiye ni imwe mu garanti y'ingenzi yo gukumira umwanda no kwanduzanya ahantu hasukuye. Imiterere y'umwuka ikwiye ni ugutuma umwuka wo mu cyumba gisukuye woherezwa vuba kandi ku buryo bungana cyangwa ugakwirakwira ahantu hose hasukuye, kugabanya imigezi y'amazi n'imfuruka zapfuye, kugabanya umukungugu na bagiteri biva mu mwanda wo mu nzu, no kubisohora vuba kandi neza, kugabanya ibyago byo kwanduza umukungugu na bagiteri, no kubungabunga isuku ikenewe mu cyumba. Kubera ko ikoranabuhanga risukuye rigenzura ubwinshi bw'uduce duto mu kirere, kandi ingano y'umwuka ugezwa mu cyumba gisukuye ikaba nini cyane kuruta isabwa n'ibyumba bisanzwe bifite icyuma gikonjesha, imiterere y'imiterere y'umwuka itandukanye cyane na byo. Imiterere y'imiterere y'umwuka igabanyijemo ibice bitatu:
2. Uburyo umwuka unyuramo mu cyerekezo kimwe: uburyo umwuka unyuramo ugenda ugana mu cyerekezo kimwe n'umuvuduko uhoraho w'umuyaga ku gice cyambukiranya; (Hari ubwoko bubiri: uburyo umwuka unyuramo ugana mu cyerekezo kimwe n'uburyo umwuka unyuramo ugana mu cyerekezo kimwe.)
3. Urugendo rudahuza icyerekezo kimwe: bivuga urugendo rw'umwuka rudahuye n'igisobanuro cy'urugendo ruhuza icyerekezo kimwe.

3. Urujya n'uruza rw'umwuka uvanze: urujya n'uruza rw'umwuka rugizwe n'urujya n'uruza rw'umwuka udafite icyerekezo kimwe. Muri rusange, urujya n'uruza rw'umwuka unyura mu cyerekezo kimwe ruturuka ku ruhande rw'umwuka wo mu nzu rugana ku ruhande rw'umwuka usubiramo, kandi isuku ishobora kugera ku rwego rwa 100. Isuku y'ibyumba bisukuye bitari mu cyerekezo kimwe iri hagati y'icyiciro cya 1.000 n'icyiciro cya 100.000, kandi isuku y'ibyumba bisukuye bivanze ishobora kugera ku rwego rwa 100 mu duce tumwe na tumwe. Muri sisitemu y'amazi atambitse, urujya n'uruza rw'umwuka ruva ku rukuta rumwe rujya ku rundi. Muri sisitemu y'amazi ahagaze, urujya n'uruza rw'umwuka ruva ku gisenge rujya hasi. Imiterere y'umwuka mu cyumba gisukuye ishobora kugaragazwa mu buryo bwihuse hakoreshejwe "impinduka z'umwuka": "impinduka z'umwuka" ni ingano y'umwuka winjira mu mwanya mu isaha ugabanyijwemo ingano y'umwuka. Bitewe n'ingano zitandukanye z'umwuka mwiza woherezwa mu cyumba gisukuye, isuku y'icyumba nayo iratandukanye. Dukurikije imibare y’ibitekerezo n’uburambe bufatika, uburambe rusange bw’igihe cyo guhumeka ni ubu bukurikira, nk’isuzuma ry’ibanze ry’ingano y’umwuka wo mu cyumba gisukuye: 1) Ku cyiciro cya 100.000, igihe cyo guhumeka muri rusange kiba kirenze inshuro 15 ku isaha; 2) Ku cyiciro cya 10.000, igihe cyo guhumeka muri rusange kiba kirenze inshuro 25 ku isaha; 3) Ku cyiciro cya 1000, igihe cyo guhumeka muri rusange kiba kirenze inshuro 50 ku isaha; 4) Ku cyiciro cya 100, ingano y’umwuka ibarwa hashingiwe ku muvuduko w’umuyaga uturuka mu gice cy’umwuka wa 0.2-0.45m/s. Imiterere y’ingano y’umwuka ikwiye ni igice cy’ingenzi mu kwemeza isuku y’ahantu hasukuye. Nubwo kongera umubare w’umwuka wo mu cyumba ari ingirakamaro mu kwemeza isuku, ingano y’umwuka mwinshi bizatera gutakaza ingufu. Isuku y’umwuka urwego ntarengwa umubare w’udukoko tw’umukungugu (static) umubare ntarengwa w’udukoko (static) inshuro z’umwuka wo guhumeka (ku isaha)

4. Kwinjira no gusohoka kw'abantu n'ibintu

Ku bijyanye n'ingufuri z'icyumba gisukuye, muri rusange zishyirwa ku muryango n'isohoka ry'icyumba gisukuye kugira ngo zibuze umwuka wanduye wo hanze kandi zigenzure itandukaniro ry'umuvuduko w'umwuka. Icyumba cy'ubuhumekero gishyirwaho. Ibi byumba bifungirana bigenzura aho binjirira n'aho bisohokera binyuze mu miryango myinshi, kandi bitanga ahantu ho kwambara/gukuramo imyenda isukuye, kwica udukoko, gusukura n'ibindi bikorwa. Ingufuri zisanzwe z'ikoranabuhanga n'ingufuri z'umwuka.

Agasanduku k'inzira: Aho ibikoresho byinjirira n'aho bisohoka mu cyumba gisukuye harimo agasanduku k'inzira, n'ibindi. Ibi bice bigira uruhare mu guhererekanya ibikoresho hagati y'ahantu hasukuye n'ahantu hadasukuye. Inzugi zabyo ebyiri ntizishobora gukingurwa icyarimwe, ibyo bigatuma umwuka wo hanze udashobora kwinjira no gusohoka mu iduka igihe ibikoresho bigejejwe. Byongeye kandi, agasanduku k'inzira gafite itara rya ultraviolet ntigashobora gusa kugumana igitutu cyiza mu cyumba gihamye, gukumira umwanda, kuzuza ibisabwa na GMP, ahubwo kagira uruhare mu gusukura no kwica udukoko.

Icyumba cyo kwiyuhagiriramo umwuka: Icyumba cyo kwiyuhagiriramo umwuka ni inzira ibicuruzwa byinjiramo bikanasohokamo mu cyumba gisukuye, kandi kinagira uruhare nk'icyumba gisukuye gifunze. Kugira ngo ugabanye ubwinshi bw'uduce tw'umukungugu twinjira n'isohoka mu bicuruzwa, umwuka mwiza utemba uva mu mpande zose ukoresheje umunwa uzunguruka ujya mu bicuruzwa, ugakuraho neza kandi vuba uduce tw'umukungugu. Niba hari icyumba cyo kwiyuhagiriramo umwuka, kigomba guhumekwa no kwiyuhagira hakurikijwe amabwiriza mbere yo kwinjira mu cyumba cyo kwiyuhagiriramo kidafunze. Muri icyo gihe, kurikiza neza amabwiriza n'ibisabwa mu ikoreshwa ry'icyumba cyo kwiyuhagiriramo umwuka.

1. Uburyo bwo gusukura umwuka n'imiterere yawo

Ikoranabuhanga ryo gusukura umwuka ni ikoranabuhanga risesuye ryo gushyiraho ikirere gisukuye no kwemeza no kunoza ireme ry'ibicuruzwa. Ni ukuyungurura uduce tw'umwuka mu kirere kugira ngo tubone umwuka mwiza, hanyuma tugatembera mu cyerekezo kimwe ku muvuduko umwe ugororotse cyangwa uhagaze, hanyuma tugasukura umwuka hamwe n'uduce tuwukikije, kugira ngo tugere ku ntego yo gusukura umwuka. Sisitemu yo gukonjesha umwuka mu cyumba gisukuye igomba kuba sisitemu yo gukonjesha umwuka isukuye ifite uburyo butatu bwo kuyungurura: akayunguruzo k'ibanze, akayunguruzo k'ikigereranyo n'akayunguruzo ka hepa. Menya neza ko umwuka woherezwa mu cyumba ari umwuka mwiza kandi ushobora gutonyanga umwuka wanduye uri mu cyumba. Akayunguruzo k'ibanze gakwiriye cyane mu kuyungurura umwuka n'uburyo bwo guhumeka no gusubiza umwuka mu byumba bisukuye. Akayunguruzo kagizwe n'imigozi y'ubukorano n'icyuma gikozwe mu byuma bikozwe mu cyuma gikozwe mu buryo butunguranye. Gashobora gukumira uduce tw'umukungugu tudakoresheje imbaraga nyinshi mu guhangana n'umwuka. Imigozi ivanze mu buryo butunguranye ikora inzitizi zitabarika ku duce, kandi umwanya munini uri hagati y'imigozi utuma umwuka unyura neza kugira ngo urinde urwego rukurikira rw'akayunguruzo muri sisitemu no muri sisitemu ubwayo. Hari ibintu bibiri bituma umwuka wo mu nzu utembera neza: kimwe ni laminar (ni ukuvuga ko uduce twose duhagaze mu cyumba tubikwa mu gice cya laminar); ikindi ni non-laminar (ni ukuvuga ko umwuka wo mu nzu utembera neza). Mu byumba byinshi bisukuye, umwuka wo mu nzu ntugenda neza (uhindagurika), ushobora kuvanga vuba uduce duhagaze mu kirere, ahubwo unatuma uduce duhagaze mu cyumba twongera kuguruka, kandi umwuka umwe na wo ushobora no guhagarara.

6. Gukumira inkongi no gukura mu mazu akorerwamo isuku

1) Urwego rwo kwirinda inkongi mu mazu asukuye ntirugomba kuba ruri munsi y’urwego rwa 2;

2) Inkongi y'umuriro iterwa n'inkongi mu matsinda yo gukoreramo isuku igomba gushyirwa mu byiciro no gushyirwa mu bikorwa hakurikijwe amahame ngenderwaho y'igihugu yo gukumira inkongi mu gishushanyo mbonera cy'inyubako.

3) Igisenge n'inkuta by'icyumba gisukuye ntibigomba gushya, kandi ibikoresho by'umwimerere ntibigomba gukoreshwa. Umupaka wo kurwanya umuriro ku gisenge ntugomba kuba munsi ya 0.4h, kandi umupaka wo kurwanya umuriro ku gisenge cy'inzira yo gusohoka ntugomba kuba munsi ya 1.0h.

4) Mu nyubako yuzuye y’uruganda ruri mu gace gakorerwamo inkongi, hagomba gushyirwaho ingamba zo kugabanya ibice by’umubiri bidashya hagati y’aho umusaruro ukorerwa n’aho umusaruro ukorerwa muri rusange. Inkombe y’urukuta rugabanyamo ibice n’igisenge cyarwo ntigomba kuba munsi y’isaha 1. Ibikoresho bidashobora gushya cyangwa bidashobora gushya bigomba gukoreshwa mu kuzuza imiyoboro inyura mu rukuta cyangwa igisenge neza;

5) Aho gusohokera hagomba gutatana, kandi nta nzira zigoramye zigomba kubaho ziva aho igikorwa cyakorewe zijya aho umutekano usohoka, kandi hagomba gushyirwaho ibimenyetso bigaragara byo gusohoka.

6) Urugi rw'umutekano rwo gusohoka ruhuza ahantu hasukuye n'ahantu hadasukuye n'ahantu hasukuye hanze rugomba gufungurwa mu cyerekezo cyo gusohoka. Urugi rw'umutekano rwo gusohoka ntirugomba kuba urugi ruhagaze, urugi rwihariye, urugi runyerera ku ruhande cyangwa urugi rw'amashanyarazi rwikora. Urukuta rw'inyuma rw'aho hantu hasukuye n'ahantu hasukuye ku igorofa rimwe bigomba gushyirwaho inzugi n'amadirishya kugira ngo abazimya inkongi binjire mu gace gasukuye k'aho hantu, kandi hagomba gushyirwaho inzira yihariye yo gusohoka ku gice gikwiye cy'urukuta rw'inyuma.

Ibisobanuro bya GMP workshop: GMP ni incamake ya Good Manufacturing Practice. Ibikubiye muri yo ni ugushyira ahagaragara ibisabwa kugira ngo ikigo gikore neza, gikoreshwe mu bikoresho byacyo, kandi gikore neza kandi gishyire mu bikorwa neza. Icyemezo cya GMP kivuga ku buryo leta n'inzego bireba bategura igenzura ry'ibintu byose by'ikigo, nk'abakozi, amahugurwa, inganda, ibidukikije by'umusaruro, imiterere y'isuku, imicungire y'ibikoresho, imicungire y'umusaruro, imicungire y'ubuziranenge, n'imicungire y'ibicuruzwa, kugira ngo barebe niba byujuje ibisabwa n'amategeko. GMP isaba ko abakora ibicuruzwa bagomba kugira ibikoresho byiza byo gukora, inzira nziza zo gukora, imicungire myiza y'ubuziranenge n'uburyo bukomeye bwo gupima kugira ngo barebe ko ubuziranenge bw'umusaruro wa nyuma bwujuje ibisabwa n'amabwiriza. Gutunganya bimwe mu bicuruzwa bigomba gukorwa mu mahugurwa yemewe na GMP. Gushyira mu bikorwa GMP, kunoza ubuziranenge bw'umusaruro, no kunoza ibitekerezo bya serivisi ni ishingiro n'isoko ry'iterambere ry'ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse mu gihe cy'ubukungu bw'isoko. Isuku mu cyumba no kugenzura: Ibisobanuro by'umwanda: Ihumana risobanura ibintu byose bitari ngombwa. Byaba ari ibikoresho cyangwa ingufu, mu gihe cyose bitari igice cy'umusaruro, si ngombwa ko bibaho kandi bigahindura imikorere y'umusaruro. Hari ahantu hane h'ibanze hahumanya ikirere: 1. Ibikoresho (igisenge, hasi, urukuta); 2. Ibikoresho, ibikoresho; 3. Abakozi; 4. Ibicuruzwa. Icyitonderwa: Umwanda muto ushobora gupimwa muri mikoroni, ni ukuvuga: 1000μm = 1mm. Ubusanzwe dushobora kubona gusa uduce tw'umukungugu dufite ingano irenga 50μm, kandi uduce tw'umukungugu turi munsi ya 50μm dushobora kubonwa gusa hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi. Umwanda wo mu cyumba gisukuye uturuka ahanini ku bintu bibiri: umwanda wo mu mubiri w'umuntu n'umwanda wo mu buryo bw'ibikoresho byo mu iduka. Mu miterere isanzwe y'umubiri, umubiri w'umuntu uhora usohora ingano y'uturemangingo, inyinshi muri zo zikaba zitwara bagiteri. Kubera ko umwuka wongera guhumeka uduce twinshi tw'umukungugu, utanga uburyo bwo gutwara bagiteri n'imibereho, bityo ikirere kikaba isoko nyamukuru y'udukoko. Abantu ni bo soko nyamukuru y'umwanda. Iyo abantu bavuga kandi bakagenda, barekura uduce twinshi tw'umukungugu, dufata ku buso bw'umusaruro kandi tukanduza umusaruro. Nubwo abakozi bakora mu cyumba gisukuye bambara imyenda isukuye, imyenda isukuye ntishobora gukumira burundu gukwirakwira kw'udukoko. Udukoko twinshi duto tuzahita duhagarara ku buso bw'ikintu bitewe n'imbaraga rukuruzi, kandi utundi dukoko duto tuzagwa ku buso bw'ikintu bitewe n'ingendo z'umwuka. Iyo utwo dukoko duto tugeze ku rugero runaka kandi tugaterana hamwe, ni bwo dushobora kubonwa n'amaso. Kugira ngo abakozi bagabanye umwanda mu byumba bisukuye, abakozi bagomba gukurikiza amabwiriza yose igihe binjira n'abasohoka. Intambwe ya mbere mbere yo kwinjira mu cyumba gisukuye ni ukumbura ikoti ryawe mu cyumba cya mbere cy'isuku, ukambara inkweto zisanzwe, hanyuma ukinjira mu cyumba cya kabiri cy'isukuye kugira ngo uhindure inkweto. Mbere yo kwinjira mu cyumba cya kabiri cy'isukuye, karaba kandi wumishe intoki zawe mu cyumba cy'isukuye. Kumisha intoki zawe imbere n'inyuma y'intoki zawe kugeza igihe intoki zawe zitatose. Nyuma yo kwinjira mu cyumba cya kabiri cy'isukuye, hindura inkweto za mbere z'isukuye, wambare imyenda y'akazi idahumanye, hanyuma wambare inkweto zo kwisukura za kabiri z'isukuye. Hari ingingo eshatu z'ingenzi iyo wambaye imyenda isukuye y'akazi: A. Ambara neza kandi ntushyire umusatsi wawe ahagaragara; B. Agapfukamunwa kagomba gupfuka izuru; C. Sukura ivumbi ku myenda isukuye y'akazi mbere yo kwinjira mu iduka risukuye. Mu gucunga umusaruro, uretse ibintu bimwe na bimwe bifatika, hari abakozi benshi batinjira mu gace gasukuye uko bisabwa kandi ibikoresho ntibifatwa neza. Kubwibyo, abakora ibicuruzwa bagomba gusaba cyane abakora umusaruro no gushishikariza abakozi gukora isuku. Umwanda w'abantu - bagiteri:

1. Umwanda uterwa n'abantu: (1) Uruhu: Abantu bakunze kuvana uruhu rwabo burundu buri minsi ine, naho abantu bavana ibice bigera ku 1.000 by'uruhu ku munota (ingano isanzwe ni mikoroni 30 * 60 * 3) (2) Umusatsi: Umusatsi w'umuntu (umurambararo ni mikoroni 50 ~ 100) uhora ugwa. (3) Amacandwe: arimo sodium, enzymes, umunyu, potasiyumu, kloride n'ibice by'ibiribwa. (4) Imyenda ya buri munsi: ibice, fibre, silica, selulose, imiti itandukanye na bagiteri. (5) Abantu bazakora ibice 10.000 biruta mikoroni 0.3 ku munota iyo bahagaze cyangwa bicaye.

2. Isesengura ry'amakuru y'ibizamini by'abanyamahanga rigaragaza ko: (1) Mu cyumba gisukuye, iyo abakozi bambaye imyenda idasukuye: umubare wa bagiteri zisohoka iyo zikiri muri rusange ni 10 ~ 300 / iminota. Umubare wa bagiteri zisohoka iyo umubiri w'umuntu usanzwe ukora ni 150 ~ 1000 / iminota. Umubare wa bagiteri zisohoka iyo umuntu agenda vuba ni 900 ~ 2500 / iminota. (2) Inkorora muri rusange ni 70 ~ 700 / iminota. (3) Kwitsamura muri rusange ni 4000 ~ 62000 / iminota. (4) Umubare wa bagiteri zisohoka iyo umuntu yambaye imyenda isanzwe ni 3300 ~ 62000 / iminota. (5) Umubare wa bagiteri zisohoka nta gapfukamunwa: umubare wa bagiteri zisohoka iyo umuntu yambaye agapfukamunwa ni 1: 7 ~ 1: 14.