1. Imiterere y'icyumba cyo gusukura
Icyumba cyo gusukura muri rusange kigizwe n'ahantu hatatu h'ingenzi: ahantu hasukuye, ahantu hasukuye gato, n'ahafasha. Imiterere y'icyumba cyo gusukura ishobora gutegurwa mu buryo bukurikira:
(1). Inzira ikikije: Inzira ishobora kuba ifunze cyangwa idafite amadirishya kandi ikora nk'ahantu ho kurebera no kubika ibikoresho. Hari inzira zishobora kuba zifite ubushyuhe bw'imbere. Amadirishya yo hanze agomba kuba afite ibirahuri bibiri.
(2). Inzira y'imbere: Inzu yo gusukura iherereye ku nkengero z'umuhanda, mu gihe inzira yo gusukura iri imbere. Ubu bwoko bw'inzira muri rusange bufite urwego rwo hejuru rw'isuku, ndetse no ku rugero rumwe n'iy'isuku.
(3). Inzira yo kuva ku mpera kugeza ku mpera: Icyumba cyo gusukura kiri ku ruhande rumwe, gifite ibyumba bisukuye gato n'iby'inyongera ku rundi ruhande.
(4). Inzira y'ibanze: Kugira ngo habeho kuzigama umwanya no kugabanya imiyoboro, icyumba cy'isuku gishobora kuba icyumba cy'ibanze, gikikijwe n'ibyumba bitandukanye by'inyongera n'imiyoboro ihishe. Ubu buryo burinda icyumba cy'isuku ingaruka z'ikirere cyo hanze, bugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu zo gukonjesha no gushyushya, kandi bugafasha mu kubungabunga ingufu.
2. Inzira zo gukuraho ubwandu ku giti cyawe
Kugira ngo hagabanywe ubwandu buturuka ku bikorwa by'abantu mu gihe cy'ibikorwa, abakozi bagomba kwambara imyenda yo mu cyumba gisukura hanyuma bakiyuhagira, bakiyuhagira, bagakuraho imiti mbere yo kwinjira mu cyumba gisukura. Izi ngamba zitwa "gukuraho ubwandu bw'abakozi," cyangwa "gukuraho ubwandu bw'umuntu ku giti cye." Icyumba cyo guhinduriramo imyenda mu cyumba gisukura kigomba kuba gifite umwuka mwiza kandi gikomeza kugira igitutu cyiza ugereranyije n'ibindi byumba, nko mu muryango. Ubwiherero n'ubwiherero bigomba kugumana igitutu cyiza gato, mu gihe ubwiherero n'ubwiherero bigomba kugumana igitutu kibi.
3. Inzira zo gukuraho umwanda mu bikoresho
Ibintu byose bigomba gukurwaho ubwandu mbere yo kwinjira mu cyumba cy’isuku, cyangwa "gukuraho ubwandu." Inzira yo gukuraho ubwandu igomba kuba itandukanye n’inzira yo mu cyumba cy’isuku. Niba ibikoresho n’abakozi bashobora kwinjira mu cyumba cy’isuku baturutse ahantu hamwe, bagomba kwinjira banyuze mu miryango itandukanye, kandi ibikoresho bigomba gukurwaho ubwandu mbere. Ku bikorwa bifite imirongo yo gukora iciriritse, ububiko bw’ibikoresho bushobora gushyirwa mu nzira y’ibikoresho. Ku mirongo yo gukora iciriritse, hagomba gukoreshwa inzira igororotse y’ibikoresho, rimwe na rimwe igasaba uburyo bwinshi bwo gukuraho ubwandu no kwimura muri iyo nzira. Ku bijyanye n’imiterere ya sisitemu, intambwe zo gusukura neza z’icyumba cy’isuku zizakuraho uduce twinshi tw’ibintu, bityo ahantu hasukuye hagomba kuguma ku gitutu kiri hasi cyangwa hasi. Niba ibyago byo kwandura ari byinshi, icyerekezo cy’aho binjirira kigomba kuguma ku gitutu kiri hasi.
4. Imitunganyirize y'imiyoboro y'amazi
Imiyoboro yo mu cyumba cy’isuku kitagira ivumbi iragoye cyane, bityo iyi miyoboro yose itunganyijwe mu buryo bwihishe. Hari uburyo butandukanye bwo kuyitunganya bwihishe.
(1). Mezzanine y'ikoranabuhanga
①. Mezzanine yo hejuru. Muri iyi mezzanine, igice cy’imiyoboro y’umwuka itwara amazi n’iy’umwuka igaruka muri rusange ni cyo kinini, bityo ni cyo kintu cya mbere kigomba kwitabwaho muri mezzanine. Muri rusange ishyirwa hejuru ya mezzanine, kandi imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi ishyirwa munsi yayo. Iyo igice cyo hasi cy’iyi mezzanine gishobora gutwara uburemere runaka, ibyuma biyungurura amazi n’ibikoresho byo gusohora amazi bishobora gushyirwaho.
②. Mezzanine y'icyiciro cya tekiniki. Ugereranyije na mezzanine yo hejuru gusa, ubu buryo bushobora kugabanya insinga n'uburebure bwa mezzanine no kuzigama inzira ya tekiniki ikenewe kugira ngo umuyoboro w'umwuka ugaruka ugaruke kuri mezzanine yo hejuru. Ikwirakwizwa ry'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi by'umuyaga ugaruka rishobora no gushyirwa mu nzira yo hasi. Inzira yo hejuru y'icyumba cyo gusukura kidafite ivumbi ku igorofa runaka ishobora no gukoreshwa nk'inzira yo hasi y'igorofa yo hejuru.
(2). Imiyoboro itambitse iri mu nkuta zo hejuru n'izo hasi z'inkuta za tekiniki (inkuta) muri rusange ihinduka imiyoboro ihagaze. Ahantu hihishe aho iyi miyoboro ihagaze haba hitwa inzira ya tekiniki. Inkuta za tekiniki zishobora kandi gushyiramo ibikoresho by'inyongera bidakwiye gukoreshwa mu cyumba cy'isuku, ndetse zishobora no gukoreshwa nk'imiyoboro y'umwuka igaruka cyangwa udusanduku tw'umuvuduko udahinduka. Zimwe zishobora no kwakira radiateri z'urumuri. Kubera ko ubwo bwoko bw'inkuta za tekiniki (inkuta) bukunze gukoresha ibice byoroheje, zishobora guhindurwa byoroshye iyo inzira zihinduwe.
(3). Imirongo ya tekiniki: Nubwo imirongo ya tekiniki (inkuta) idakunze kwambuka hasi, iyo ibaye, ikoreshwa nk'umuyoboro wa tekiniki. Akenshi iba igice gihoraho cy'inyubako. Kubera ko imirongo ya tekiniki ihuza hasi zitandukanye, kugira ngo birinde inkongi, nyuma yo gushyiraho imiyoboro y'imbere, uruzitiro ruri hagati y'inzu rugomba gufungwa n'ibikoresho bifite ubushobozi bwo kwirinda inkongi y'umuriro butari munsi y'ubw'urupapuro rwo hasi. Imirimo yo gusana igomba gukorwa mu byiciro, kandi inzugi zo kugenzura zigomba gushyirwaho inzugi zirinda inkongi y'umuriro. Yaba mezzanine ya tekiniki, inzira ya tekiniki, cyangwa umuyoboro wa tekiniki ukorera nk'umuyoboro w'umwuka, ubuso bwabyo bw'imbere bugomba gutunganywa hakurikijwe ibisabwa kugira ngo ubuso bw'imbere mu cyumba gisukure.
(5). Aho icyumba cy'imashini giherereye. Ni byiza gushyira icyumba cy'imashini gikonjesha hafi y'icyumba cy'isuku kidafite ivumbi gisaba ingano nini y'umwuka, kandi ukihatira kugumana umurongo w'imiyoboro y'umwuka mugufi uko bishoboka kose. Ariko, kugira ngo hirindwe urusaku n'ihindagurika, icyumba cy'isuku kidafite ivumbi n'icyumba cy'imashini bigomba gutandukanywa. Ingingo zombi zigomba kwitabwaho. Uburyo bwo gutandukanya burimo:
1. Uburyo bwo gutandukanya inyubako: (1) Uburyo bwo gutandukanya inyubako. Inyubako yo gutandukanya inyura hagati y’aho imashini ikorera nta mukungugu n’icyumba cy’imashini kugira ngo ikore nk’aho ikoreshwa. (2) Uburyo bwo gutandukanya inkuta. Niba icyumba cy’imashini kiri hafi y’aho imashini ikorera nta mukungugu, aho gusangira urukuta, buri kimwe gifite urukuta rwacyo rwo gutandukanya, kandi hasigara ubugari runaka bw’icyuho hagati y’inkuta ebyiri zo gutandukanya. (3) Uburyo bwo gutandukanya icyumba cy’inyongera. Icyumba cy’inyongera gishyirwaho hagati y’aho imashini ikorera nta mukungugu n’icyumba cy’imashini kugira ngo kibe nk’aho ikoreshwa.
2. Uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza: (1) Uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza ku gisenge cyangwa ku gisenge: Icyumba cy'imashini gikunze gushyirwa ku gisenge cyo hejuru kugira ngo kidakwirakwira mu cyumba cyo hasi kitagira ivumbi, ariko hasi hepfo y'igisenge byaba byiza gishyizwe ku gisenge cy'inyongera cyangwa icyumba cyo gucunga, cyangwa nk'ikimenyetso cya tekiniki. (2) Ubwoko bw'imashini ikwirakwizwa munsi y'ubutaka: Icyumba cy'imashini kiri mu cyumba cyo munsi y'ubutaka. (3). Uburyo bwo kubaka bwigenga: Icyumba cy'imashini gitandukanye cyubatswe hanze y'inyubako y'icyumba gisukuye, ariko ni byiza kuba hafi cyane y'icyumba gisukuye. Icyumba cy'imashini kigomba kwita ku gutandukanya guhindagurika no gukingira urusaku. Hasi igomba kuba idafite amazi kandi ifite ibipimo byo gusohora amazi. Gutandukanya guhindagurika: Uduce duto n'ibice by'abafana b'isoko ry'ingufu, moteri, pompe z'amazi, nibindi bigomba kuvurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kurwanya guhindagurika. Niba bibaye ngombwa, ibikoresho bigomba gushyirwa ku gisenge cya beto, hanyuma iki gisenge kigomba gushyigikirwa n'ibikoresho birwanya guhindagurika. Uburemere bw'iki gikoresho bugomba kuba inshuro 2 kugeza kuri 3 z'uburemere bwose bw'ibikoresho. Utwuma dukingira amajwi: Uretse gushyiramo agace kabuza amajwi kuri sisitemu, ibyumba binini by'imashini bishobora gutekereza gushyira ibikoresho bifite ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza amajwi ku nkuta. Inzugi zirinda amajwi zigomba gushyirwaho. Ntugafungure inzugi ku rukuta rw'aho hantu hasukuye.
5. Guhunga mu mutekano
Kubera ko icyumba gisukuye ari inyubako ifunze cyane, kuyikuramo mu mutekano biba ikibazo cy'ingenzi cyane kandi gikomeye, ibyo bikaba bifitanye isano rya hafi no gushyiraho sisitemu yo gusukura icyuma gikonjesha. Muri rusange, ingingo zikurikira zigomba kwitabwaho:
(1). Buri gice kidatwikwa n'umuriro cyangwa icyumba cy'isuku kiri ku igorofa ry'umusaruro kigomba kuba gifite nibura inzira ebyiri zo gusohokera mu gihe cy'impanuka. Gusohokera mu gihe cy'impanuka ni kimwe gusa cyemerewe iyo ahantu hari munsi ya metero kare 50 n'umubare w'abakozi uri munsi ya batanu.
(2). Inzira zo kwinjira mu cyumba cy'isuku ntizigomba gukoreshwa nk'inzira zo gusohokamo. Kubera ko inzira zo mu cyumba cy'isuku zikunze kunyuramo, bishobora kugora abakozi kugera hanze vuba iyo umwotsi cyangwa inkongi y'umuriro yibasiye ako gace.
(3). Ibyumba byo kwiyuhagiriramo umwuka ntibigomba gukoreshwa nk'inzira rusange zo kwinjiramo. Izi nzugi akenshi ziba zifite inzugi ebyiri zifunganye cyangwa zikora ku buryo bwikora, kandi ikibazo gishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku gusohoka. Kubwibyo, inzugi zinyura mu bwiherero zikunze gushyirwa mu byumba byo kwiyuhagiriramo, kandi ni ngombwa iyo hari abakozi barenga batanu. Ubusanzwe, abakozi bagomba gusohoka mu cyumba cy'isuku banyuze mu muryango unyura mu bwiherero, ntabwo ari icyumba cyo kwiyuhagiriramo umwuka.
(4). Kugira ngo umuvuduko wo mu nzu ukomeze kwiyongera, inzugi za buri cyumba cy’isuku kiri mu cyumba cy’isuku zigomba kwerekeza mu cyumba gifite umuvuduko mwinshi. Ibi bishingiye ku muvuduko wo gufunga urugi, ibi bikaba bivuguruza ibisabwa kugira ngo umuntu ashobore kuva mu rugo mu buryo butekanye. Kugira ngo harebwe ibisabwa ku isuku isanzwe no kuva mu rugo mu buryo bwihutirwa, hateganywa ko inzugi ziri hagati y’ahantu hasukuye n’ahantu hadasukuye, n’inzugi ziri hagati y’ahantu hasukuye n’aho hanze zigomba gufatwa nk’inzugi z’umutekano zo kuva mu rugo, kandi icyerekezo cyazo cyose kigomba kuba kiri mu cyerekezo cyo kuva mu rugo. Birumvikana ko ari nako bigenda ku nzugi z’umutekano imwe.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-09-2025