Icyumba gisukuye ibiribwa kigomba kuba cyujuje ibisabwa mu isuku y’umwuka ya 100000. Kubaka icyumba gisukuye ibiribwa bishobora kugabanya kwangirika no gukura kw’ibihumyo by’ibicuruzwa bikorerwamo, bikongera igihe cyo kubaho kw’ibiribwa, kandi bikongera umusaruro.
1. Icyumba gisukuye ni iki?
Icyumba gisukuye, cyitwa kandi icyumba gisukuye kitagira ivumbi, bivuga gukuraho uduce duto, umwuka wangiza, bagiteri n'indi myanda mu kirere mu mwanya runaka, kandi ubushyuhe bwo mu nzu, isuku, umuvuduko wo mu nzu, umuvuduko w'umwuka n'ikwirakwizwa ry'umwuka, urusaku, guhinda umushyitsi, amatara, n'amashanyarazi adahindagurika bigenzurwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa runaka, kandi icyumba cyagenewe umwihariko gitangwa. Ni ukuvuga ko, uko ikirere cyo hanze cyahinduka kose, imiterere yacyo yo mu nzu ishobora kugumana ibisabwa byagenwe mbere by'isuku, ubushyuhe, ubushuhe n'umuvuduko.
Icyumba cy’isuku cya class 100000 ni iki? Mu magambo make, umubare w’uduce dufite umurambararo wa ≥0.5 μm kuri metero kibe y’umwuka mu iduka nturenze miliyoni 3.52. Uko uduce turi mu kirere tuba duke, ni ko umukungugu n’udukoko bito bito bito bigabanuka, kandi umwuka urushaho gusukurwa. Icyumba cy’isuku cya class 100000 nacyo gisaba ko iduka rihinduranya umwuka inshuro 15-19 ku isaha, kandi igihe cyo gusukura umwuka nyuma yo guhinduranya umwuka burundu ntikigomba kurenza iminota 40.
2. Igabanywa ry'ahantu ho gusukura ibiribwa
Muri rusange, icyumba cyo gusukura ibiribwa gishobora kugabanywamo ibice bitatu: agace rusange gakorerwamo, agace k'inyongera gasukuye, n'agace gasukuye gakorerwamo.
(1). Agace rusange gakorerwamo (ahantu hatari isuku): ibikoresho fatizo rusange, ibicuruzwa byarangiye, ahantu ho kubika ibikoresho, ahantu ho kohereza ibicuruzwa byarangiye gupakirwa hamwe n'ahandi hantu hafite ibyago bike byo kwangirika kw'ibikoresho fatizo n'ibicuruzwa byarangiye, nk'icyumba cyo gupakiramo hanze, ububiko bw'ibikoresho fatizo n'iby'inyongera, ububiko bw'ibikoresho byo gupakiramo, icyumba cyo gupakiramo hanze, nibindi. Aho gupakira, ububiko bw'ibikoresho byarangiye, nibindi.
(2). Ahantu ho gusukura by’inyongera: Ibisabwa ni ibya kabiri, nko gutunganya ibikoresho fatizo, gutunganya ibikoresho byo gupakira, gupakira, icyumba cyo gupakira (icyumba cyo gupakira), icyumba rusange cyo gutunganya no gutunganya, icyumba cyo gupakiramo ibiryo kitari cyo kwitegura kuribwa n'ahandi hantu ibicuruzwa byarangiye bitunganywa ariko ntibishyirwe ahagaragara.
(3). Agace gatunganya umusaruro: yerekeza ku gace gafite ibisabwa ku isuku cyane, abakozi benshi n'ibikenewe ku bidukikije, kandi gagomba gusukurwa no guhindurwa mbere yo kwinjira, nko: ahantu hatunganyirizwa ibikoresho fatizo n'ibicuruzwa byarangiye, ibyumba bikonje byo gutunganyamo ibiryo biribwa, n'ibyumba bikonjeshamo ibiryo byiteguye kuribwa. Icyumba cyo kubikamo ibiryo byiteguye kuribwa, icyumba cyo gupakiramo ibiryo byiteguye kuribwa, nibindi.
① Icyumba gisukuye ibiribwa kigomba kwirinda inkomoko y'umwanda, kwanduzanya, kuvanga no gukora amakosa ku buryo bugaragara mu gihe cyo guhitamo aho hantu, gushushanya, imiterere, kubaka no kuvugurura.
②Ibidukikije by'uruganda ni byiza kandi bifite isuku, kandi urujya n'uruza rw'abantu n'ibikoresho birakwiye.
③Hakwiye gushyirwaho ingamba zikwiye zo kugenzura uburyo abantu batabifitiye uburenganzira binjira.
④Bika amakuru y'inyubako n'irangira ry'inyubako.
⑤ Inyubako zifite umwuka wanduye cyane mu gihe cy'umusaruro zigomba kubakwa ku ruhande rw'uruganda aho icyerekezo cy'umuyaga ari kinini umwaka wose.
⑥ Iyo ibikorwa byo gutunganya umusaruro bigira ingaruka ku wundi bidakwiye gushyirwa mu nyubako imwe, hagomba kubaho ingamba zifatika zo kugabanya ahantu hakorerwa umusaruro. Umusaruro w'ibikomoka ku bimera byasembuye ugomba kugira ahantu hihariye ho gutunganya umusaruro.
3. Ibisabwa kugira ngo ahantu hakorerwa umusaruro hasukuye
① Inzira zisaba ko zitabora ariko zidashobora gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo kuzivura burundu hamwe n'inzira zishobora gutuma zibora burundu ariko zigakorwa mu buryo budafite udukoko nyuma yo kuzivura burundu zigomba gukorerwa ahantu hasukuye.
② Ahantu hakorerwa umusaruro hasukuye kandi hafite isuku kandi hakenewe ibidukikije bisukuye bigomba kuba birimo ahantu ho kubika no gutunganya ibiryo bishobora kwangirika, ibiryo biteguye kurira cyangwa ibiryo byarangiye mbere yo gukonjesha cyangwa gupakira, n'ahantu ho gutunganya ibikoresho fatizo bitashobora gukurwaho burundu, gufunga no gushushanya, ahantu ho gushyira ibicuruzwa mu kato nyuma yo kubitunganya burundu, aho ibikoresho bipakirwa imbere n'aho bipakirwa imbere, hamwe n'aho gutunganya no gusuzuma ibiryo, kunoza imiterere y'ibiryo cyangwa kubibika, nibindi.
③Ahantu hakorerwa imirimo hakwiye gushyirwa neza hakurikijwe uburyo bwo gukora n'ibisabwa mu rwego rw'icyumba gisukuye. Imiterere y'umurongo w'ibikorwa ntigomba guteza imihindagurikire cyangwa ihindagurika.
④ Ahantu hatandukanye ho gukoreramo hagomba kuba hahuye n'ibikenewe mu bwoko bw'ibimera n'uburyo bikorerwamo. Niba bibaye ngombwa, hagomba gutangwa ibyumba byo gufungiramo n'izindi ngamba zo gukumira kwanduzanya. Ubuso bw'icyumba cyo gufungiramo ntibugomba kuba munsi ya metero kare 3.
⑤ Gutunganya no kurangiza ibikoresho fatizo ntibigomba gukoresha ahantu hamwe hasukuye.
⑥ Shyira ku ruhande ahantu n'ahantu mu icungamutungo biberanye n'umusaruro nk'ahantu ho kubika by'agateganyo ibikoresho, ibicuruzwa biri hagati, ibicuruzwa bigomba gusuzumwa n'ibicuruzwa birangizwa, kandi guhuza ibintu, urujijo n'ubwandu bigomba kwirindwa cyane.
⑦Icyumba cyo kugenzura kigomba gushyirwaho mu buryo bwihariye, kandi hagafatwa ingamba zikwiye zo guhangana n'imyotsi n'amazi bivamo. Niba hari ibisabwa mu gusukura umwuka kugira ngo hagenzurwe ibicuruzwa, hagomba gushyirwaho intebe isukuye yo gukoreramo.
4. Ibisabwa kugira ngo hamenyekane isuku mu duce dutunganya ibiribwa
Uburyo ibiribwa bitunganywamo ni ikintu cy'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku mutekano w'ibiribwa. Kubwibyo, Ishyirahamwe ry'abafatanyabikorwa mu by'ibiribwa ryakoze ubushakashatsi n'ibiganiro ku bisabwa mu kugenzura isuku y'umwuka mu bice bitunganya ibiribwa.
(1). Ibisabwa ku isuku mu bipimo ngenderwaho n'amabwiriza
Muri iki gihe, amategeko agenga isuzuma ry’uruhushya rwo gukora ibinyobwa n’ibikomoka ku mata afite ibisabwa mu gusukura umwuka udafite umwanda ku hantu hasukuye. Amategeko agenga isuzuma ry’uruhushya rwo gukora ibinyobwa (version ya 2017) avuga ko isuku y’umwuka (uduce duto duto, bagiteri ziterwa n’amazi) y’aho amazi yo kunywa afungiye agomba kugera ku rwego rwa 10000 iyo adahinduka, naho igice cyuzuye kikagera ku rwego rwa 100, cyangwa isuku rusange ikagera ku rwego rwa 1000; ibinyobwa bya karubohidrati Ahantu hasukuye hagomba kwemeza ko inshuro zirenga 10 ku isaha; aho hasukurwa ibinyobwa bikomeye hagomba kuba hari ibisabwa bitandukanye mu gusukura umwuka bitewe n’imiterere n’ibisabwa mu buryo butandukanye bw’ibinyobwa bikomeye;
Ubundi bwoko bw'ahantu ho gusukura ibinyobwa bugomba kuzuza ibisabwa bijyanye n'isuku y'umwuka. Isuku y'umwuka iyo idahinduka igomba kugera nibura ku rwego rwa 100000, nko gukora ibinyobwa bitaziguye nk'ibinyobwa byinshi (imitobe, ibinure) byo mu nganda z'ibiribwa, n'ibindi. Iki gisabwa gishobora gukurwaho.
Amategeko arambuye yerekeye amabwiriza agenga uburenganzira bwo gukora ibikomoka ku mata (verisiyo ya 2010) hamwe n'"Ihame ry'Igihugu ry'Umutekano w'Ibiribwa ku Bikomoka ku Mata" (GB12693) asaba ko umubare wose w'udukoko twa bagiteri mu kirere mu gace gakorerwamo isuku y'amata ugomba kugenzurwa munsi ya 30CFU/isahani, kandi amategeko arambuye asaba ko ibigo bitanga raporo y'isuzuma ry'ikirere ngarukamwaka itangwa n'ikigo cy'igenzura cyujuje ibisabwa.
Mu "Ibisobanuro Rusange by'Isuku ku Mutekano w'Ibiribwa ku Giciro cy'Igihugu" (GB 14881-2013) hamwe n'ibisobanuro bimwe na bimwe by'isuku ku musaruro w'ibicuruzwa, aho ingero z'ingero zifatirwa, ibipimo byo kugenzura hamwe n'inshuro zo kugenzura udukoko duto duto dukorera mu gace gatunganyirizwamo ibiryo bigaragarira cyane cyane mu buryo bw'imigereka, bigatuma ibigo bikora ibiribwa bitanga amabwiriza yo gukurikirana.
Urugero, "Amabwiriza y'Igihugu agenga umutekano w'ibiribwa n'isuku ku ikorwa ry'ibinyobwa" (GB 12695) atanga inama yo gusukura umwuka uri mu kirere (gutuza bagiteri (Static)) ≤ ibice 10/(φ90mm·0.5h).
(2). Ibisabwa mu kugenzura ibipimo by'isuku bitandukanye
Dukurikije amakuru yavuzwe haruguru, bigaragara ko ibisabwa kugira ngo umwuka usukure mu buryo busanzwe bigamije ahanini ahantu hakorerwa isuku. Dukurikije amabwiriza yo gushyira mu bikorwa GB14881: "Ahakorerwa isuku hakunze kuba harimo ahantu ho kubika no gutunganya mbere yo gukonjesha burundu cyangwa gupakira ibiryo bishobora kwangirika, ibicuruzwa byiteguye kuribwa cyangwa ibicuruzwa byarangiye, hamwe n'ahantu ho gutunganya, gushushanya no kuzuza ibiryo bitari ibyangiritse. Ahantu ho gushyira ibiryo mu kato mbere yuko bishyirwa mu kato nyuma yo kubitunganya, hamwe n'ahandi hantu ho gutunganya no gufata ibiryo hashobora kwanduza cyane."
Amategeko n'amabwiriza arambuye yo gusuzuma ibinyobwa n'ibikomoka ku mata asaba ko ibimenyetso byo kugenzura umwuka uri mu kirere birimo uduce duto n'udukoko, kandi ni ngombwa kugenzura buri gihe niba isuku y'aho isuku ikorerwa ijyanye n'ibipimo. GB 12695 na GB 12693 bisaba ko bagiteri zikoreshwa mu gupima imirasire y'amazi zipimwa hakurikijwe uburyo karemano bwo gupima imirasire y'amazi muri GB/T 18204.3.
"Ihame ry'Igihugu ry'Umutekano w'Ibiribwa ku Ikorwa ry'Ibiribwa ku Biryo Biryoshye ku Ntego Zidasanzwe z'Ubuvuzi" (GB 29923) hamwe n'"Gahunda yo Gusuzuma Umusaruro ku Biryo Biryo Biryohereye bya Siporo" byatanzwe na Beijing, Jiangsu n'ahandi bivuga ko umubare w'umukungugu (uduce duto duto) upimwa hakurikijwe GB/T 16292. Imiterere ni ntahinduka.
5. Sisitemu yo gusukura icyumba ikora ite?
Uburyo bwa 1: Ihame ry'imikorere y'icyuma gikoresha umwuka + sisitemu yo kuyungurura umwuka + imiyoboro isukura yo mu cyumba n'imiyoboro yo gukingira umwuka + udusanduku twa HEPA + sisitemu yo kugarura umwuka mu cyumba ihora izenguruka kandi ikongera umwuka mwiza mu cyumba gikorerwamo isuku kugira ngo hagerwe ku isuku ikenewe mu bidukikije.
Uburyo bwa 2: Ihame ry'imikorere rya FFU isukura umwuka mu nganda ishyirwa ku gisenge cy'icyumba gisukuye kugira ngo itange umwuka mu cyumba gisukuye + sisitemu y'umwuka igarura + icyuma gikonjesha gishyirwa ku gisenge kugira ngo gikonjeshe. Ubusanzwe iyi fomu ikoreshwa mu bihe aho ibisabwa mu isuku y'ibidukikije bitari hejuru cyane, kandi igiciro kikaba kiri hasi. Nk'amahugurwa yo gukora ibiribwa, imishinga isanzwe ya laboratwari n'imiti, ibyumba byo gupakira ibicuruzwa, amahugurwa yo gukora amavuta yo kwisiga, n'ibindi.
Guhitamo imiterere itandukanye y’ibikoresho by’umwuka bitanga umwuka n’ibigarura umwuka mu byumba bisukuye ni ikintu cy’ingenzi mu kugena urwego rw’isuku rw’ibyumba bisukuye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-19-2023