Ivuka ry'icyumba cyo gusukura
Iterambere n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ryose biterwa n'ibyo umuhinzi akeneye. Ikoranabuhanga rya Cleanroom naryo ntiritandukanye. Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zakoze gyroscopes zigenda mu kirere zo gutwara indege. Kubera ubuziranenge budahamye, buri gyroscopes 10 zagombaga kuvugururwa inshuro zigera ku 120. Mu Ntambara ya Koreya mu ntangiriro ya za 1950, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zasimbuye ibice birenga miliyoni by'ikoranabuhanga mu bikoresho by'itumanaho 160.000. Radars zananiwe 84% by'igihe naho indege zo mu mazi za sonars zananiwe 48% by'igihe. Impamvu ni uko ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga n'ibice byabyo biri mu bwiringiro kandi ubuziranenge budahamye. Igisirikare n'abakora ubushakashatsi ku mpamvu zatumye basuzuma impamvu maze bahera ku ngingo nyinshi basanga bifitanye isano n'ibidukikije byakozwe nabi. Nubwo hafashwe ingamba zikomeye zo gusoza aho bakoreraga icyo gihe, ingaruka zari nke. Rero iyi niyo suku yavutse!
Iterambere ry'icyumba cy'isuku
Icyiciro cya mbere
Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1950, ni bwo HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter) yakozwe na Komisiyo ishinzwe ingufu za atomiki ya Amerika mu 1951 kugira ngo ikemure ikibazo cyo gufata ivumbi ryangiza umubiri w'umuntu ryakoreshejwe mu kuyungurura umwuka mu iduka ry'ibikoresho, maze icyumba cyo gusukura cya none kiravuka koko.
Icyiciro cya kabiri
Mu 1961, Willis Whitfield, umushakashatsi mukuru muri Sandia National Laboratories muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, yatanze gahunda yo gushyiraho uburyo bwo guhumeka umwuka mwiza, icyo gihe bwitwaga laminar flow, ubu ikaba yitwaga unidirectional flow, maze ayikoresha mu buhanga nyabwo. Kuva icyo gihe, ibyumba bisukuye byageze ku rwego rwo hejuru rw’isuku.
Icyiciro cya gatatu
Muri uwo mwaka, Ingabo zirwanira mu kirere za Amerika zashyizeho kandi zisohora amabwiriza ya mbere ku isi agenga icyumba cy’isuku TO-00-25--203 agenga imiterere y’icyumba cy’isuku n’isukura.B"Ni muri urwo rwego, Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ubumwe bw’Amerika (US Federal Standard FED-STD-209), gigabanya icyumba cy’isuku mo ibyiciro bitatu, cyatangajwe mu Kuboza 1963. Kugeza ubu, ikoranabuhanga ryihariye ry’icyumba cy’isuku ryarashyizweho.
Iterambere ritatu ry'ingenzi ryavuzwe haruguru rikunze gushimwa nk'intambwe eshatu z'ingenzi mu mateka y'iterambere rya none ry'isuku.
Hagati mu myaka ya za 1960, isuku yavutse mu nzego zitandukanye z'inganda muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Ntabwo ikoreshwa mu nganda za gisirikare gusa, ahubwo inakoreshwa mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, optique, micro bearing, micro moteri, filime zisa n'ifoto, ibyuma bitanga ubuziranenge buhanitse n'izindi nganda, byagize uruhare runini mu guteza imbere iterambere rya siyansi n'ikoranabuhanga n'inganda icyo gihe. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibi bikurikira ni incamake irambuye mu gihugu no mu mahanga.
Igereranya ry'Iterambere
Mu mahanga
Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 1950, Komisiyo ishinzwe ingufu za atomiki ya Amerika yashyizeho akayunguruzo k'umwuka gakoresha ingufu nyinshi (HEPA) mu 1950 kugira ngo gakemure ikibazo cyo gufata ivumbi ryangiza umubiri w'umuntu, biba intambwe ya mbere mu mateka y'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga risukuye.
Hagati mu myaka ya za 1960, icyumba cy’isuku mu nganda nka za mashini zikoresha ikoranabuhanga muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika cyakuze nk'ibihumyo nyuma y'imvura, maze icyo gihe hatangira igikorwa cyo gutera ikoranabuhanga ry’icyumba cy’isuku mu nganda mu byumba by’isuku by’ibinyabuzima. Mu 1961, icyumba cy’isuku cya laminar flow (une directional flow) cyavutse. Hashyizweho itegeko rya mbere ku isi ry’icyumba cy’isuku - Amabwiriza ya tekiniki y’ingabo zirwanira mu kirere za Amerika 203.
Mu ntangiriro za 1970, ibikorwa byo kubaka ibyumba byo gusukura byatangiye kwibanda ku nganda z’ubuvuzi, imiti, ibiribwa n’ibikomoka kuri biochemical. Uretse Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ibindi bihugu byateye imbere mu nganda, nk’Ubuyapani, Ubudage, Ubwongereza, Ubufaransa, Ubusuwisi, icyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti, n’Ubuholandi, nabyo byashyize imbere cyane ikoranabuhanga ryo gusukura.
Nyuma y’imyaka ya 1980, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’Ubuyapani byashoboye gukora neza filter nshya zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho cyane zifite icyuma gipima 0.1μm n’ubushobozi bwo gufata 99.99%. Amaherezo, hubatswe ibyumba bisukuye cyane bifite urwego rwa 0.1μm ku rwego rwa 10 na 0.1μm ku rwego rwa 1, byatumye iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ryo gusukura rijya mu bihe bishya.
Imbere mu gihugu
Kuva mu ntangiriro za 1960 kugeza mu mpera za 1970, iyi myaka icumi yari intangiriro n'ishingiro ry'ikoranabuhanga ry'isuku mu Bushinwa. Byari nyuma y'imyaka igera ku icumi ugereranije n'ibihugu by'amahanga. Byari ibihe bidasanzwe kandi bigoye, bifite ubukungu buke kandi nta dipolomasi n'ibihugu bikomeye. Mu bihe nk'ibi bigoye, bijyanye n'ibyo bikenewe mu mashini zikora neza, ibikoresho by'indege n'inganda z'ikoranabuhanga, abakozi b'ikoranabuhanga mu Bushinwa batangiye urugendo rwabo rwo kwihangira imirimo.
Kuva mu mpera za 1970 kugeza mu mpera za 1980, muri iki gihe cy'imyaka icumi, ikoranabuhanga ry'isuku mu Bushinwa ryagize iterambere rikomeye. Mu iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ry'isuku mu Bushinwa, hari byinshi by'ingenzi byagezweho muri iki cyiciro. Ibipimo byageze ku rwego rwa tekiniki rw'ibihugu by'amahanga mu myaka ya 1980.
Kuva mu ntangiriro za 1990, ubukungu bw'Ubushinwa bwakomeje kugira iterambere rihamye kandi ryihuse, hamwe n'ishoramari mpuzamahanga rihoraho, kandi amatsinda menshi mpuzamahanga yagiye yubaka inganda nyinshi z'ikoranabuhanga riciriritse mu Bushinwa. Kubwibyo, ikoranabuhanga ryo mu gihugu n'abashakashatsi bafite amahirwe menshi yo kuvugana mu buryo butaziguye n'ibitekerezo by'ibishushanyo mbonera by'isuku yo mu mahanga, gusobanukirwa ibikoresho n'ibikoresho bigezweho ku isi, imicungire n'ubuvuzi, nibindi.
Bitewe n'iterambere rya siyansi n'ikoranabuhanga, ibigo by'isuku byo mu Bushinwa nabyo byateye imbere vuba.
Uko imibereho y'abantu ikomeza gutera imbere, ibyo bakeneye mu bijyanye n'ibidukikije n'imibereho myiza birushaho kwiyongera, kandiicyumba cy'isukuIkoranabuhanga ry’ubuhanga ryagiye rikoreshwa buhoro buhoro mu gusukura umwuka wo mu rugo. Kuri ubu,Ubushinwa's icyumba cy'isukuUbwubatsi ntibukoreshwa gusa ku bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi, ubuvuzi, ibiribwa, ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi n'izindi nganda, ahubwo bushobora no kwimukira mu ngo, imyidagaduro rusange n'ahandi, ibigo by'amashuri, n'ibindi. Iterambere rihoraho rya siyansi n'ikoranabuhanga ryagiye ritera imbere buhoro buhoroicyumba cy'isukuamasosiyete y'ubwubatsi ku miryango ibihumbi, n'ingano y'ibikorwa byo mu rugoicyumba cy'isukuinganda nazo zarakuze, kandi abantu batangiye kwishimira buhoro buhoro ingaruka zaicyumba cy'isukuubwubatsi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 22 Nyakanga-2024