ESE UZI BYINSHI KU BYEREKEYE ICYUMBA GISHYA?

Ivuka ry'icyumba gisukuye

Iterambere n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ryose biterwa n'ibyo umuhinzi akeneye. Ikoranabuhanga ryo mu cyumba gisukuye naryo ntiritandukanye. Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, gyroscopes zifite umwuka zakorewe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zo gutwara indege zagombaga kuvugururwa inshuro 120 kuri buri gyroscopes 10 kubera ubuziranenge budahamye. Mu Ntambara ya Koreya yo mu Ntara ya Gisenyi mu ntangiriro za 1950, ibice birenga miliyoni by'ikoranabuhanga byasimbuwe mu bikoresho 160.000 by'itumanaho rya elegitoroniki muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Ihungabana rya radar ryabaye 84% by'igihe, naho ihungabana rya sonar yo mu mazi ryabaye 48% by'igihe. Impamvu ni uko ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga n'ibice byabyo bifite icyizere gito n'ubuziranenge budahamye. Igisirikare n'abakora ubushakashatsi ku mpamvu basanze impamvu ifitanye isano n'ibidukikije bisukuye. Nubwo nta mafaranga yatanzwe kandi hafashwe ingamba zikomeye zo gusoza aho bakorera, ibisubizo byari bike. Rero iyi niyo yabaye ivuka ry'icyumba gisukuye!

Guteza imbere icyumba gisukuye

Icyiciro cya mbere: Kugeza mu ntangiriro za 1950, HEPA-High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter, yakozwe neza na Komisiyo ishinzwe ingufu za atomiki ya Amerika mu 1951 kugira ngo ikemure ikibazo cyo gufata ivumbi rya radiyo rishobora kwangiza abantu, yakoreshejwe mu buryo bwo gutanga umusaruro. Kuyungurura umwuka byabyaye icyumba gisukuye gifite akamaro kagezweho.

Icyiciro cya kabiri: Mu 1961, Willis Whitfield, umushakashatsi mukuru muri Sandia National Laboratories muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, yatanze igitekerezo cy’icyo bitaga laminar flow icyo gihe, ubu kikaba cyitwa unidirectional flow. (unidirectional flow) gahunda yo gutunganya clean air flow kandi ikoreshwa mu mishinga nyayo. Kuva icyo gihe, icyumba cy’isuku cyageze ku rwego rw’isuku rutigeze rubaho.

Icyiciro cya gatatu: Muri uwo mwaka, Ingabo zirwanira mu kirere za Amerika zashyizeho kandi zisohora amabwiriza ya mbere ku isi agenga icyumba gisukuye TO-00-25--203 "Ihame ry'imiterere n'imikorere y'ibyumba bisukuye n'intebe zisukuye." Ni muri urwo rwego, itegeko rya leta ya Amerika FED-STD-209, ryagabanyije ibyumba bisukuye mo ibice bitatu, ryatangajwe mu Kuboza 1963. Kugeza ubu, ikoranabuhanga ry'ibyumba bisukuye neza ryarashyizweho.

Iterambere ry'ingenzi ritatu ryavuzwe haruguru rikunze kwitwa intambwe eshatu mu mateka y'iterambere ry'icyumba cyo gusukura cya none.

Hagati mu myaka ya za 1960, ibyumba bisukuye byari byubuka mu nzego zitandukanye z’inganda muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Ntabwo byakoreshwaga mu nganda za gisirikare gusa, ahubwo byanakoreshejwe mu by’ikoranabuhanga, optique, micro bearings, micro moteri, filime zisa n’ifoto, ibyuma bisukura cyane n’izindi nganda, byagize uruhare runini mu guteza imbere iterambere rya siyansi, ikoranabuhanga n’inganda icyo gihe. Kuri iyi ntego, ibi bikurikira ni incamake irambuye ku bihugu byo mu gihugu no mu mahanga.

Kugereranya iterambere

Mu mahanga: Mu ntangiriro za 1950, kugira ngo hakemurwe ikibazo cyo gufata umukungugu uhumanya umubiri w’umuntu, Komisiyo ishinzwe ingufu za atomiki ya Amerika yashyizeho akayunguruzo k’umwuka gakoresha ingufu nyinshi (HEPA) mu 1950, kabaye intambwe ya mbere mu mateka y’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga risukuye. Mu myaka ya 1960, ibyumba bisukuye byavutse mu mashini zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho n’izindi nganda muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Muri icyo gihe, hatangiye igikorwa cyo gushyira ikoranabuhanga ry’ibyumba bisukuye mu nganda mu byumba bisukuye. Mu 1961, havutse icyumba gisukuye cya laminar flow (une directional flow). Hashyizweho amahame ya mbere ku isi agenga ibyumba bisukuye - Inyigisho ya Tekiniki y’Ingabo zirwanira mu kirere za Amerika 203. Mu ntangiriro za 1970, intego yo kubaka ibyumba bisukuye yatangiye kwimukira mu nganda z’ubuvuzi, imiti, ibiribwa n’ibinyabutabire. Uretse Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ibindi bihugu byateye imbere mu nganda nka Ubuyapani, Ubudage, Ubwongereza, Ubufaransa, Ubusuwisi, icyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti, Ubuholandi, nibindi nabyo biha agaciro gakomeye kandi bigateza imbere cyane ikoranabuhanga risukuye. Nyuma y’imyaka ya 1980, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’Ubuyapani byashoboye gukora neza filter nshya za ultra-hepa zifite intego yo kuyungurura ya 0.1 μm n’ubushobozi bwo gukusanya bwa 99.99%. Amaherezo, hubatswe ibyumba bisukuye cyane bifite urwego rwa 0.1 μm ku rwego rwa 10 na 0.1 μm ku rwego rwa 1, byatumye iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga risukuye rigera mu gihe gishya.

Ubushinwa: Kuva mu ntangiriro za 1960 kugeza mu mpera za 1970, iyi myaka icumi yari intangiriro n'ishingiro ry'ikoranabuhanga ry'icyumba gisukuye mu Bushinwa. Nyuma y'imyaka igera ku icumi ugereranije n'iy'amahanga. Cyari igihe kidasanzwe kandi kigoye, gifite ubukungu buke kandi nta dipolomasi ikomeye y'igihugu. Mu bihe bigoye nk'ibi kandi byari bikenewe n'imashini zikora neza, ibikoresho by'indege n'inganda z'ikoranabuhanga, abakozi b'ikoranabuhanga ry'icyumba gisukuye mu Bushinwa batangiye urugendo rwabo rwo kwihangira imirimo. Kuva mu mpera za 1970 kugeza mu mpera za 1980, ikoranabuhanga ry'icyumba gisukuye mu Bushinwa ryagize intambwe ikomeye mu iterambere. Mu iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ry'icyumba gisukuye mu Bushinwa, ibintu byinshi by'ingenzi byagezweho hafi ya byose byavutse muri iki cyiciro. Ibipimo byageze ku rwego rwa tekiniki rw'ibihugu by'amahanga mu myaka ya 1980. Kuva mu ntangiriro za 1990 kugeza ubu, ubukungu bw'Ubushinwa bwakomeje gukura neza kandi vuba, ishoramari mpuzamahanga ryakomeje gushyirwamo imbaraga, kandi amatsinda menshi mpuzamahanga yagiye yubaka inganda nyinshi z'ikoranabuhanga riciriritse mu Bushinwa. Kubwibyo, ikoranabuhanga ryo mu gihugu n'abashakashatsi bafite amahirwe menshi yo kuvugana mu buryo butaziguye n'ibitekerezo by'imiterere y'ibyumba byo mu mahanga bifite isuku yo ku rwego rwo hejuru, no gusobanukirwa ibikoresho n'ibikoresho bigezweho ku isi, imicungire n'ibungabunga, nibindi.

Bitewe n’iterambere rya siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga, amasosiyete yo mu Bushinwa akora ibyumba bisukuye na yo arimo gutera imbere vuba. Imibereho y’abaturage ikomeje gutera imbere, kandi ibyo bakeneye mu bijyanye n’ibidukikije n’imibereho myiza birimo kwiyongera. Ikoranabuhanga mu byumba bisukuye ryagiye rihinduka buhoro buhoro kugira ngo rihuze n’isukura ry’umwuka mu ngo. Kuri ubu, imishinga yo mu Bushinwa yo gukora ibyumba bisukuye ntikwiriye gusa ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga, ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi, ubuvuzi, ibiribwa, ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi n’izindi nganda, ahubwo ishobora no gukoreshwa mu ngo, ahantu ho kwidagadurira abantu benshi, mu bigo by’amashuri, n’ahandi. Bitewe n’iterambere rikomeje rya siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga, amasosiyete akora ibyumba bisukuye yagiye akwirakwira buhoro buhoro mu ngo ibihumbi n’ibihumbi. Ingano y’inganda zikora ibikoresho byo mu byumba bisukuye nayo yariyongereye umunsi ku wundi, kandi abantu batangiye kwishimira buhoro buhoro ingaruka z’ikoranabuhanga mu byumba bisukuye.