Hariho amasoko abiri yingenzi yanduye mubwiherero: ibice na mikorobe, bishobora guterwa nibintu byabantu nibidukikije, cyangwa ibikorwa bifitanye isano muriki gikorwa. Nubwo hashyizweho ingufu, umwanda uzakomeza kwinjira mu musarani. Abatwara ibintu bisanzwe byanduye harimo imibiri yabantu (selile, umusatsi), ibidukikije nkumukungugu, umwotsi, igihu cyangwa ibikoresho (ibikoresho bya laboratoire, ibikoresho byogusukura), hamwe nuburyo bwo guhanagura nabi nuburyo bwo gukora isuku.
Ikwirakwizwa ryanduye cyane ni abantu. Ndetse nimyenda ikarishye hamwe nuburyo bukomeye bwo gukora, abakora imyitozo idahwitse nibibazo bikomeye byo kwanduza ubwiherero. Abakozi badakurikiza amabwiriza y’isuku ni ibintu bishobora guteza ibyago byinshi. Igihe cyose umukozi umwe akoze amakosa cyangwa akibagirwa intambwe, bizatera kwanduza ubwiherero bwose. Isosiyete irashobora gusa gukora isuku yubwiherero mugukurikirana no gukomeza kuvugurura amahugurwa hamwe nigipimo cya zeru.
Andi masoko yingenzi yanduye ni ibikoresho nibikoresho. Niba igare cyangwa imashini byahanaguwe gusa mbere yo kwinjira mu musarani, birashobora kuzana mikorobe. Akenshi, abakozi ntibazi ko ibikoresho bizunguruka bizunguruka hejuru yanduye kuko bisunitswe mu musarani. Ubuso (harimo amagorofa, inkuta, ibikoresho, nibindi) bipimwa mubisanzwe kugirango bibe bifatika ukoresheje ibyapa byabigenewe byabugenewe birimo itangazamakuru ryikura nka Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) na Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). TSA ni uburyo bwo gukura bwagenewe bagiteri, kandi SDA nuburyo bwo gukura bwagenewe kubumba no kumusemburo. Ubusanzwe TSA na SDA byashyizwe mubushyuhe butandukanye, hamwe na TSA ihura nubushyuhe buri hagati ya 30-35˚C, nubushyuhe bwiza bwo gukura kuri bagiteri nyinshi. Urutonde rwa 20-25˚C ni rwiza kubwoko bwinshi bwimisemburo.
Umwuka wo mu kirere wigeze kuba intandaro yo kwanduza, ariko sisitemu yo mu isuku ya HVAC yo muri iki gihe yakuyeho umwanda. Umwuka uri mu bwiherero ugenzurwa kandi ugakurikiranwa buri gihe (urugero, burimunsi, buri cyumweru, buri gihembwe) kubara ibice, kubara bifatika, ubushyuhe, nubushuhe. Akayunguruzo ka HEPA gakoreshwa mugucunga ibice byo mu kirere kandi bifite ubushobozi bwo gushungura ibice kugeza kuri 0.2µm. Akayunguruzo gasanzwe gakomeza kugenda gahoro gahoro kugirango igumane umwuka mubyumba. Ubushuhe busanzwe bubikwa kurwego rwo hasi kugirango hirindwe ikwirakwizwa rya mikorobe nka bagiteri na mold bikunda ibidukikije.
Mubyukuri, urwego rwohejuru kandi rusanzwe rwanduza mu isuku niwo ukora.
Inkomoko n'inzira zo kwanduza ntibitandukanye cyane n'inganda n'inganda, ariko hariho itandukaniro hagati yinganda mubijyanye no kwihanganira no kutihanganirwa kwanduza. Kurugero, abakora ibinini byinjira ntibakenera kugumana urwego rumwe rwisuku nkabakora imiti yatewe inshinge zinjizwa mumubiri wumuntu.
Abakora imiti bafite kwihanganira bike kwanduza mikorobe kurusha abakora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki. Abakora Semiconductor bakora ibicuruzwa bya microscopique ntibashobora kwemera kwanduza ibintu byose kugirango barebe imikorere yibicuruzwa. Kubwibyo, ayo masosiyete ahangayikishijwe gusa nubusembure bwibicuruzwa bizashyirwa mumubiri wumuntu ndetse nimikorere ya chip cyangwa terefone igendanwa. Ntabwo bahangayikishijwe cyane no kubumba, ibihumyo cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo kwanduza mikorobe mu musarani. Ku rundi ruhande, uruganda rukora imiti ruhangayikishijwe n’amasoko yose yapfuye kandi yapfuye.
Uruganda rwa farumasi rugengwa na FDA kandi rugomba gukurikiza byimazeyo amabwiriza meza yo gukora (GMP) kuko ingaruka ziterwa n’umwanda mu nganda zimiti ni mbi cyane. Ntabwo abakora ibiyobyabwenge gusa bagomba kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa byabo bitarimo bagiteri, basabwa kandi kugira ibyangombwa no gukurikirana ibintu byose. Isosiyete ikora ibikoresho byubuhanga buhanitse irashobora kohereza mudasobwa igendanwa cyangwa TV igihe cyose itsinze igenzura ryimbere. Ariko ntabwo aribyo byoroshye mubikorwa bya farumasi, niyo mpamvu ari ngombwa ko isosiyete igira, ikoresha kandi ikora inyandiko zogukora isuku. Bitewe no gutekereza kubiciro, ibigo byinshi bikoresha serivise zogusukura zumwuga kugirango zikore serivise.
Gahunda yuzuye yo gupima ibidukikije isukura igomba kuba irimo ibice bigaragara kandi bitagaragara. Nubwo nta gisabwa ko ibyanduza byose muri ibi bidukikije bigenzurwa na mikorobe. Gahunda yo kugenzura ibidukikije igomba kuba ikubiyemo urwego rukwiye rwo kumenya imiterere ya bagiteri. Hariho uburyo bwinshi bwo kumenya bagiteri burahari.
Intambwe yambere mukumenya bagiteri, cyane cyane mugihe cyo kwigunga, ni uburyo bwa Gram stain, kuko bushobora gutanga ibimenyetso byerekana inkomoko yanduza mikorobe. Niba mikorobe yo kwigunga no kuyiranga byerekana Gram-positif cocci, umwanda ushobora kuba waturutse kubantu. Niba kwigunga kwa mikorobe no kumenyekanisha byerekana inkoni nziza, kwanduza bishobora kuba byaturutse ku mukungugu cyangwa imiti yica udukoko. Niba mikorobe yo kwigunga no kuyiranga yerekana Gram-negative inkoni, isoko yanduye ishobora kuba yaturutse mumazi cyangwa hejuru yubutaka.
Kumenyekanisha mikorobe mu isuku yimiti irakenewe cyane kuko ifitanye isano nibintu byinshi byizeza ubuziranenge, nka bioassay mubidukikije; gupima ibimenyetso bya bagiteri kubicuruzwa byanyuma; ibinyabuzima bitiriwe izina mubicuruzwa byamazi n'amazi; kugenzura ubuziranenge bwa tekinoroji yo kubika fermentation mu nganda zikoresha ikoranabuhanga; na mikorobe yo gupima mugihe cyo kwemeza. Uburyo bwa FDA bwo kwemeza ko bagiteri zishobora kubaho mubidukikije bizagenda byiyongera. Iyo urwego rwanduye rwa mikorobe rurenze urwego rwagenwe cyangwa ibisubizo byikizamini byerekana ko byanduye, birakenewe kugenzura imikorere yimiti yoza no kwanduza no gukuraho ibimenyetso byanduye.
Hariho uburyo bubiri bwo gukurikirana isuku y’ibidukikije:
1. Ibyapa byandikirwa
Ibi biryo byumuco bidasanzwe birimo uburyo bwo gukura butagaragara, bwiteguye kuba hejuru kurenza inkombe. Igifuniko cya plaque itwikiriye gitwikiriye ubuso bwakorewe icyitegererezo, kandi mikorobe iyo ari yo yose igaragara hejuru irashobora kwizirika ku buso bwa agar na incubate. Ubu buhanga bushobora kwerekana umubare wa mikorobe igaragara hejuru.
2. Uburyo bwa Swab
Ibi ni sterile kandi bibitswe mumazi meza. Swab ikoreshwa hejuru yikizamini kandi microorganism igaragazwa no kugarura swab hagati. Swabs ikoreshwa kenshi hejuru yuburinganire cyangwa mubice bigoye kwigana hamwe nicyapa. Swab sampling ni byinshi byikizamini cyujuje ubuziranenge.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-21-2024