Icyumba gisukuye ni ubwoko bwihariye bw'uburyo bwo kugenzura ibidukikije bushobora kugenzura ibintu nk'umubare w'uduce duto, ubushuhe, ubushyuhe n'amashanyarazi adahinduka mu kirere kugira ngo hagerwe ku bipimo byihariye by'isuku. Icyumba gisukuye gikoreshwa cyane mu nganda zigezweho nka semiconductors, electronics, farumasi, indege, indege, na biomedicine.
1. Imiterere y'icyumba gisukuye
Ibyumba bisukuye birimo ibyumba bisukuye mu nganda n'ibyumba bisukuye by'ibinyabuzima. Ibyumba bisukuye bigizwe na sisitemu zo gusukura ibyumba, sisitemu zo gusukura ibyumba, na sisitemu zo gukwirakwiza ibikoresho.
Urwego rw'isuku y'umwuka
Igipimo ngenderwaho cyo kugabanya igipimo ntarengwa cy’uduce turenze cyangwa tungana n’ingano y’uduce dufatwa kuri buri gice cy’umwuka mu mwanya usukuye. Mu rugo, ibyumba bisukuye birageragezwa kandi byemerwa mu mimerere irimo ubusa, idahinduka, kandi ihindagurika, hakurikijwe "Ibisobanuro by'Ibishushanyo by'Icyumba Gisukuye" na "Ibisobanuro by'Icyumba Gisukuye n'Ibyemewe".
Ibipimo ngenderwaho by'isuku
Isuku ihoraho no kugenzura umwanda ni byo bipimo ngenderwaho mu gupima ubuziranenge bw'icyumba gisukuye. Ibipimo ngenderwaho bigabanyijemo ibyiciro bitandukanye hakurikijwe ibintu nk'ibidukikije n'isuku byo mu karere. Ibipimo ngenderwaho mpuzamahanga n'ibipimo ngenderwaho by'inganda zo mu karere bikunze gukoreshwa. Ibyiciro by'ibidukikije by'ibyumba bisukuye (uduce) bigabanyijemo icyiciro cya 100, 1.000, 10.000, na 100.000.
2. Isuku y'icyumba
Icyumba cy'isuku cyo mu cyiciro cya 100
Ahantu hafi ya hose hatari ivumbi, hari uduce duto cyane mu kirere. Ibikoresho byo mu nzu birahambaye kandi abakozi bambara imyenda isukuye y’umwuga yo gukora.
Igipimo cy'isuku: Umubare w'uduce tw'umukungugu dufite umurambararo urenze 0.5µm kuri metero kibe y'umwuka ntugomba kurenza 100, kandi umubare w'uduce tw'umukungugu dufite umurambararo urenze 0.1µm ntugomba kurenza 1000. Bivugwa kandi ko umubare ntarengwa w'uduce tw'umukungugu twemerewe kuri metero kibe (≥0.5μm) ari 3500, mu gihe uduce tw'umukungugu ≥5μm dusabwa kuba 0.
Ikoreshwa: Ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu bikorwa byo gukora bifite isuku nyinshi, nko gukoresha insinga nini zivanze, ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bigezweho n’ibindi bikorwa byo gukora. Ibi bigo bigomba kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa bikorerwa ahantu hatari ivumbi kugira ngo hirindwe ingaruka z’uduce ku bwiza bw’ibicuruzwa.
Icyumba cy'isuku cy'icyiciro cya 1,000
Ugereranyije n'icyumba cy'isuku cya class 100, umubare w'uduce tw'umwuka wariyongereye, ariko uracyari ku rwego rwo hasi. Imiterere y'imbere mu nzu irahagije kandi ibikoresho bishyirwa mu buryo bunoze.
Igipimo ngenderwaho cy'isuku: Umubare w'uduce tw'umukungugu dufite umurambararo urenze 0.5µm muri buri metero kibe y'umwuka mu cyumba cy'isuku cya 1000 ntugomba kurenza 1000, kandi umubare w'uduce tw'umukungugu dufite umurambararo urenze 0.1µm ntugomba kurenza 10.000. Igipimo ngenderwaho cy'icyumba cy'isuku cya 10.000 ni uko umubare ntarengwa w'uduce tw'umukungugu twemerewe kuri metero kibe (≥0.5μm) ari 350.000, naho umubare ntarengwa w'uduce tw'umukungugu ≥5μm ni 2.000.
Ikoreshwa: Rikoreshwa kuri zimwe mu nzira zifite ibisabwa byinshi byo gusukura umwuka, nko gukora indorerwamo z'amatara n'ibikoresho bito by'ikoranabuhanga. Nubwo ibisabwa mu isuku muri izi nzego bitari hejuru nk'ibyo mu byumba 100 bisukuye, isuku runaka y'umwuka iracyakenewe kugira ngo hamenyekane ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa.
Ibyumba 10.000 bisukuye
Umubare w'uduce tw'umwuka urushaho kwiyongera, ariko ushobora guhaza ibyifuzo by'ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe bifite isuku iringaniye. Ahantu ho mu nzu hasukuye kandi hasukuye, hafite urumuri n'ibikoresho byo guhumeka bikwiye.
Igipimo cy'isuku: Umubare w'uduce tw'umukungugu dufite umurambararo urenze 0.5µm muri buri metero kibe y'umwuka ntugomba kurenza uduce 10.000, kandi umubare w'uduce tw'umukungugu dufite umurambararo urenze 0.1µm ntugomba kurenza uduce 100.000. Bivugwa kandi ko umubare ntarengwa w'uduce tw'umukungugu twemerewe kuri metero kibe (≥0.5μm) ari 3.500.000, naho umubare ntarengwa w'uduce tw'umukungugu ≥5μm ni 60.000.
Ingano y'ikoreshwa: Ikoreshwa kuri zimwe mu nzira zifite ibisabwa mu isuku y'umwuka iringaniye, nko mu nganda zikora imiti n'ibiribwa. Izi nganda zigomba kugira mikorobe nkeya n'isuku y'umwuka runaka kugira ngo habeho isuku, umutekano n'ituze ry'umusaruro.
Icyumba cy'isuku cy'abanyeshuri 100.000
Umubare w'uduce tw'umwuka ni munini ugereranije, ariko uracyashobora kugenzurwa mu rugero rukwiye. Hashobora kuba hari ibikoresho by'inyongera mu cyumba kugira ngo umwuka ukomeze gusukurwa, nk'ibikoresho bisukura umwuka, ibikoresho bikusanya umukungugu, nibindi.
Igipimo cy'isuku: Umubare w'uduce tw'umukungugu dufite umurambararo urenze 0.5µm muri buri metero kibe y'umwuka ntugomba kurenza uduce 100.000, kandi umubare w'uduce tw'umukungugu dufite umurambararo urenze 0.1µm ntugomba kurenza uduce 1.000.000. Bivugwa kandi ko umubare ntarengwa w'uduce tw'umukungugu twemerewe kuri metero kibe (≥0.5μm) ari 10.500.000, naho umubare ntarengwa w'uduce tw'umukungugu ≥5μm ni 60.000.
Ikoreshwa: Rikoreshwa kuri zimwe mu nzira zifite ibisabwa bike byo gusukura umwuka, nko kwisiga, zimwe mu nzira zo gukora ibiribwa, nibindi. Izi nzego zifite ibisabwa bike byo gusukura umwuka, ariko zigomba gukomeza kugira isuku runaka kugira ngo hirindwe ingaruka z'udukoko ku bicuruzwa.
3. Ingano y'isoko ry'ubuhanga mu byumba bisukuye mu Bushinwa
Kugeza ubu, hari amasosiyete make mu nganda z’ibyumba bisukuye mu Bushinwa afite ikoranabuhanga rigezweho kandi afite imbaraga n’uburambe bwo gukora imishinga minini, kandi hari amasosiyete menshi mato. Amasosiyete mato ntafite ubushobozi bwo gukora ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga n’imishinga minini yo mu byumba bisukuye ku rwego rwo hejuru. Ubu uru rwego rufite imiterere y’irushanwa aho rwibanda cyane ku isoko ry’ibyumba bisukuye ku rwego rwo hejuru ndetse n’isoko ry’ibyumba bisukuye ku rwego rwo hasi.
Ibyumba bisukuye bikoreshwa cyane, kandi inganda zitandukanye zifite ibisabwa bitandukanye kugira ngo icyumba gisukuye gihabwe isuku. Kubaka ibyumba bisukuye bigomba guhuzwa n’inganda n’uburyo bwihariye bwo gukora ibikoresho bya nyirabyo. Kubwibyo, mu mishinga y’ubwubatsi bw’ibyumba bisukuye, ibigo bifite ikoranabuhanga rikomeye, imbaraga zikomeye, amateka meza n’ishusho nziza ni byo byonyine bifite ubushobozi bwo gukora imishinga minini mu nganda zitandukanye.
Kuva mu myaka ya 1990, bitewe n’iterambere rikomeje ry’isoko, inganda zose z’ibyumba bisukuye zagiye zikura buhoro buhoro, ikoranabuhanga ry’inganda z’ibyumba bisukuye ryarahagaze, kandi isoko ryinjiye mu gihe cy’iterambere. Iterambere ry’inganda z’ibyumba bisukuye rishingiye ku iterambere ry’inganda z’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga, inganda zikora imiti n’izindi nganda. Hamwe n’ihererekanyamakuru ry’inganda zikora amakuru y’ikoranabuhanga, icyifuzo cy’ibyumba bisukuye mu bihugu byateye imbere mu Burayi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kizagenda kigabanuka buhoro buhoro, kandi isoko ryazo ry’inganda zikora ibyumba bisukuye rizava ku gihe cyo gukura rijya kugabanuka.
Kubera ko inganda zigenda ziyongera, iterambere ry’inganda zikora ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga ryarushijeho kuva mu bihugu byateye imbere mu Burayi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika rijya muri Aziya no mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere; muri icyo gihe, hamwe n’iterambere rikomeje kugaragara mu bukungu bw’ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere, ibisabwa mu buzima bw’ubuvuzi no mu mutekano w’ibiribwa byariyongereye, kandi isoko ry’ubuhanga mu byumba bisukuye ku isi naryo ryakomeje kwerekeza muri Aziya. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, inganda zikora ibikoresho bya semiconductor IC, optoelectronics, na photovoltaic mu nganda zikora ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga zagize itsinda rinini ry’inganda muri Aziya, cyane cyane mu Bushinwa.
Bitewe n’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga, imiti, ubuvuzi, ibiribwa n’izindi nganda, isoko ry’ubuhanga mu byumba bisukuye mu Bushinwa ku isoko mpuzamahanga ryiyongereye kuva kuri 19.2% mu 2010 kugera kuri 29.3% mu 2018. Kuri ubu, isoko ry’ubuhanga mu byumba bisukuye mu Bushinwa ririmo gutera imbere vuba. Mu 2017, igipimo cy’isoko ry’ibyumba bisukuye mu Bushinwa cyarenze miliyari 100 z’amayuani ku nshuro ya mbere; mu 2019, igipimo cy’isoko ry’ibyumba bisukuye mu Bushinwa cyageze kuri miliyari 165.51 z’amayuani. Igipimo cy’isoko ry’ubuhanga mu byumba bisukuye mu gihugu cyanjye cyagaragaje ukwiyongera gukomeye buri mwaka, bihuzwa n’isi, kandi igipimo cy’isoko rusange ku isi cyagaragaje ukwiyongera gukomeye buri mwaka, ibi bikaba bifitanye isano no kunoza imbaraga z’igihugu cy’Ubushinwa uko umwaka utashye.
"Incamake ya Gahunda y'imyaka itanu ya 14 y'iterambere ry'ubukungu n'imibereho myiza y'abaturage mu gihugu cy'Ubushinwa n'intego z'igihe kirekire za 2035" yibanda ku nganda zikiri kuzamuka mu buryo bw'ingamba nka ikoranabuhanga rishya ry'amakuru, ikoranabuhanga ry'ibinyabuzima, ingufu nshya, ibikoresho bishya, ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu, kurengera ibidukikije, indege, ibikoresho byo mu mazi, nibindi, yihutisha udushya n'ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi, kandi yihutisha iterambere ry'inganda nka biomedicine, ubworozi bw'ibinyabuzima, ibikoresho by'ibinyabuzima, n'ingufu z'ibinyabuzima. Mu gihe kizaza, iterambere ryihuse ry'inganda zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rizarushaho gutuma isoko ry'ibyumba bisukuye rikura vuba. Biteganyijwe ko ingano y'isoko ry'ibyumba bisukuye mu Bushinwa yitezwe kugera kuri miliyari 358.65 z'amayuan mu 2026, kandi ikagera ku gipimo cyo hejuru cy'izamuka rya 15.01% ku gipimo mpuzandengo cy'izamuka ry'ibikomoka ku bimera kuva mu 2016 kugeza mu 2026.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-24-2025