Inganda zikora ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga:
Bitewe n'iterambere rya mudasobwa, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga biciriritse n'ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho, inganda zikora ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga zateye imbere vuba, kandi ikoranabuhanga ryo mu cyumba gisukuye naryo ryarashyizwe imbere. Muri icyo gihe, hashyizweho ibisabwa byinshi mu gushushanya icyumba gisukuye. Gushushanya icyumba gisukuye mu nganda zikora ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga ni ikoranabuhanga risesuye. Gusobanukirwa neza imiterere y'icyumba gisukuye mu nganda zikora ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga no gukora ibishushanyo mbonera bifatika ni byo bishobora kugabanya igipimo cy'ibicuruzwa mu nganda zikora ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga kandi umusaruro ukarushaho kunozwa.
Ibiranga icyumba gisukuye mu nganda zikora ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga:
Ibisabwa ku rwego rw'isuku biri hejuru, kandi ingano y'umwuka, ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, itandukaniro ry'umuvuduko, n'imyotsi isohoka mu bikoresho biragenzurwa uko bikenewe. Umuvuduko w'urumuri n'umuvuduko w'umwuka w'igice cy'icyumba gisukuye bigenzurwa hakurikijwe imiterere cyangwa ibipimo. Byongeye kandi, ubu bwoko bw'icyumba gisukuye bufite ibisabwa bikomeye cyane ku mashanyarazi adahinduka. Ibisabwa ku bushuhe ni bikomeye cyane. Kubera ko amashanyarazi adahinduka yoroshye kubyazwa mu ruganda rwumye cyane, bitera kwangirika k'uburyo CMOS ikoreshwa. Muri rusange, ubushyuhe bw'uruganda rukora ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bugomba kugenzurwa kuri dogere selisiyusi 22, kandi ubushuhe bugomba kugenzurwa hagati ya 50-60% (hari amabwiriza agenga ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe ku cyumba cyihariye gisukuye). Muri iki gihe, amashanyarazi adahinduka ashobora gukurwaho neza kandi abantu bashobora kumva bamerewe neza. Amahugurwa yo gukora chips, amahugurwa yo gukora disiki n'amatsinda yo gukora disiki ni ibintu by'ingenzi mu byumba bisukuye mu nganda zikora ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga. Kubera ko ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bifite ibisabwa bikomeye ku bidukikije by'umwuka wo mu nzu n'ubwiza mu gihe cyo gukora no gukora, byibanda cyane cyane ku kugenzura uduce duto n'umukungugu ureremba, kandi bifite amategeko agenga ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, ingano y'umwuka mwiza, urusaku, nibindi by'ibidukikije.
1. Urusaku (aho ruri ubusa) mu cyumba cy’isuku cya 10.000 cy’uruganda rukora ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga: ntirugomba kurenza 65dB (A).
2. Igipimo cyuzuye cy’icyumba gisukura amazi mu nganda zikora ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga ntikigomba kuba munsi ya 60%, naho icyumba gisukura amazi mu cyerekezo kimwe ntikigomba kuba munsi ya 40%, bitabaye ibyo kizaba igice cy’amazi mu cyerekezo kimwe.
3. Itandukaniro ry'umuvuduko uhoraho hagati y'icyumba gisukuye n'inyuma y'uruganda rukora ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga ntirigomba kuba munsi ya 10Pa, kandi itandukaniro ry'umuvuduko uhoraho hagati y'ahantu hasukuye n'ahantu hatasukuye hafite isuku itandukanye y'umwuka ntirigomba kuba munsi ya 5Pa.
4. Ingano y'umwuka mwiza mu cyumba cy'isuku cya 10.000 cy'inganda zikora ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga igomba gufata ibintu bibiri bikurikira:
① Kwishyura igiteranyo cy'ingano y'imyotsi yo mu nzu n'ingano y'umwuka mwiza ukenewe kugira ngo igipimo cy'umuvuduko mwiza wo mu nzu kigumeho.
② Menya neza ko ingano y'umwuka mwiza utangwa mu cyumba gisukuye kuri buri muntu mu isaha atari munsi ya 40m3.
③ Igishyushya cy’uburyo bwo gusukura umwuka ushyushye mu cyumba gisukuye mu nganda zikora ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga kigomba kuba gifite umwuka mwiza n’ubushyuhe burenze urugero. Iyo hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gushyushya ahantu hasukuye, hagomba gushyirwaho uburinzi butagira amazi. Mu bice bikonje, uburyo bwo guhumeka neza bugomba kuba bufite ingamba zo kwirinda gukonjesha. Ingano y’umwuka ushyushye mu cyumba gisukuye igomba gufata agaciro ntarengwa k’ibintu bitatu bikurikira: ingano y’umwuka ushyushye kugira ngo harebwe urwego rw’isuku y’icyumba gisukuye cy’uruganda rukora ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga; ingano y’umwuka ushyushye mu cyumba gisukuye cy’uruganda rukora ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga igenwa hakurikijwe imibare y’ubushyuhe n’ubushuhe; ingano y’umwuka ushyushye utangwa mu cyumba gisukuye cy’uruganda rukora ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga.
Inganda zikora ibikomoka ku bimera:
Ibiranga inganda zikora imiti:
1. Isuku y’imiti ikoreshwa mu buvuzi bw’ibinyabuzima ntabwo ifite ibiciro biri hejuru by’ibikoresho gusa, inzira zigoye zo kuyikora, ibisabwa cyane kugira ngo isuku ibe nziza kandi idatera ubusembwa, ahubwo inafite ibisabwa cyane ku buziranenge bw’abakozi bayikora.
2. Ingaruka zishobora kubaho mu mikorere y’ibinyabuzima zizagaragara mu ikorwa, cyane cyane ibyago byo kwandura, bagiteri zapfuye cyangwa uturemangingo twapfuye n’ibice byazo cyangwa imikorere y’umubiri ku mubiri w’umuntu no ku bindi binyabuzima, uburozi, ubwiyongere n’izindi ngaruka, uburozi bw’ibicuruzwa, ubwiyongere n’izindi ngaruka z’ibinyabuzima, ingaruka ku bidukikije.
Ahantu hasukuye: Icyumba (agace) aho uduce tw'umukungugu n'ubwandu bwa mikorobe mu bidukikije bigomba kugenzurwa. Imiterere y'inyubako yacyo, ibikoresho byacyo n'ikoreshwa ryacyo bifite inshingano yo gukumira ko imyanda yinjira, ikorwa kandi ikabikwa mu gace.
Airlock: Ahantu hiherereye hari inzugi ebyiri cyangwa nyinshi hagati y'ibyumba bibiri cyangwa byinshi (nk'ibyumba bifite urwego rw'isuku rutandukanye). Intego yo gushyiraho airlock ni ukugenzura uburyo umwuka unyura iyo abantu cyangwa ibikoresho byinjira kandi bisohoka muri airlock. Airlocks zigabanyijemo airlocks z'abakozi n'airlocks z'ibikoresho.
Ibiranga icyumba gisukuye cy’imiti ikoreshwa mu buvuzi bw’ibinyabuzima: uduce tw’umukungugu n’udukoko tugomba kuba ari byo bigenzurwa mu bidukikije. Isuku y’aho ikorerwa imiti igabanyijemo ibyiciro bine: icyiciro cya 100 cyo mu gace, icyiciro cya 1000, icyiciro cya 10000 n’icyiciro cya 30000 munsi y’icyiciro cya 100 cyangwa icyiciro cya 10000.
Ubushyuhe bw'icyumba gisukuye: nta byangombwa byihariye, kuri dogere 18 ~ 26, kandi ubushuhe bugenzurwa kuri 45% ~ 65%. Kugenzura umwanda mu mazu yo gusukura imiti: kugenzura aho umwanda uturuka, kugenzura inzira yo gukwirakwira, no kugenzura kwanduzanya. Ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi mu buvuzi bwo mu cyumba gisukuye ahanini ni ukugenzura umukungugu n'udukoko. Nk'umuti uhumanya, udukoko ni two dushyirwa imbere mu kugenzura ibidukikije mu cyumba gisukuye. Imyanda ikusanyirizwa mu bikoresho no mu miyoboro mu gace gasukuye k'uruganda rukora imiti ishobora kwanduza imiti mu buryo butaziguye, ariko ntibigira ingaruka ku isuzuma ry'isuku. Urwego rw'isuku ntirukwiriye kugaragaza imiterere y'umubiri, imiti, imirasire n'ubuzima bw'udukoko duto duto. Ntabwo bimenyerewe uburyo bwo gukora imiti, impamvu zitera umwanda n'ahantu umwanda uhurira, hamwe n'uburyo n'ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gusuzuma mu gukuraho imyanda.
Ibintu bikurikira ni ibisanzwe mu ihinduka ry'ikoranabuhanga rya GMP mu nganda zikora imiti:
Bitewe no kudasobanukirwa neza ibijyanye n’imitekerereze y’umuntu ku giti cye, ikoreshwa ry’ikoranabuhanga risukuye mu kurwanya umwanda ntirimeze neza, kandi amaherezo inganda zimwe na zimwe zikora imiti zashoye amafaranga menshi mu guhindura imikorere, ariko ireme ry’imiti ntiryarushijeho kunozwa cyane.
Igishushanyo mbonera n'inyubako z'inganda zikora imiti isukuye, gukora no gushyiramo ibikoresho n'inganda mu nganda, ubwiza bw'ibikoresho fatizo n'iby'inyongera n'ibikoresho byo gupfunyika bikoreshwa mu musaruro, hamwe no gushyira mu bikorwa nabi uburyo bwo kugenzura abantu basukuye n'inganda zisukuye bizagira ingaruka ku bwiza bw'ibicuruzwa. Impamvu zigira ingaruka ku bwiza bw'ibicuruzwa mu bwubatsi ni uko hari ibibazo mu igenzura ry'ibikorwa, kandi hari n'ingorane zihishe mu gihe cyo gushyiraho no kubaka, ari zo izi zikurikira:
① Urukuta rw'imbere rw'umuyoboro w'umwuka wo mu buryo bwo gusukura umwuka ushyushye ntabwo rusukuye, aho uhurizwa ntabwo hakomeye, kandi umuvuduko w'umwuka usohoka ni munini cyane;
② Imiterere y'icyuma gipfundikiye ntabwo ifunze neza, ibipimo byo gufunga hagati y'icyumba gisukuye n'igisenge cya tekiniki ntibikwiye, kandi urugi rufunze ntabwo rufunguye;
③ Imiterere y'imitako n'imiyoboro itunganya ibintu ikora impande zidakora neza kandi ivumbi rikiyongera mu cyumba gisukuye;
④ Hari ahantu hatubakwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa mu gishushanyo kandi ntabwo hashobora kuzuza ibisabwa n'amabwiriza abigenga;
⑤ Ubwiza bw'icyuma gifunga gikoreshwa ntabwo bujyanye n'ubuziranenge, byoroshye kugwa no kwangirika;
⑥ Inzira z'icyuma zirimo ibara ry'umuvuduko n'iry'umuvuduko zifatanye, kandi ivumbi ryinjira mu muyoboro w'umwuka ugaruka uva mu muyoboro w'umwuka;
⑦ Ubuso bw'imbere mu rukuta ntibukorwa iyo urimo gusudira imiyoboro y'amazi meza nk'amazi meza n'amazi yo guterwa;
⑧ Valve yo kugenzura imiyoboro y'umwuka ntikora, kandi umwuka usubira inyuma utera umwanda;
⑨ Ubwiza bw'imiyoboro y'amazi ntabwo buri ku rwego rwo hejuru, kandi umukungugu woroshye kuwushyiramo;
⑩ Imiterere y'itandukaniro ry'umuvuduko mu cyumba gisukuye ntabwo yujuje ibisabwa kandi ntiyujuje ibisabwa mu gikorwa cyo kuyitunganya.
Inganda zicapa kandi zipakira:
Bitewe n'iterambere ry'umuryango, ibicuruzwa by'inganda zicapa n'izipakira nabyo byarateye imbere. Ibikoresho binini byo gucapa byinjiye mu cyumba cy'isuku, bishobora kunoza cyane ireme ry'ibicuruzwa byacapwe no kongera cyane igipimo cyujuje ibisabwa by'ibicuruzwa. Iki kandi ni cyo kintu cyiza cyo guhuza inganda zisukura n'izicapa. Gucapa ahanini bigaragaza ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe bw'ibicuruzwa mu kirere gitwikiriye, umubare w'uduce tw'umukungugu, kandi bigira uruhare runini mu bwiza bw'ibicuruzwa n'igipimo cyujuje ibisabwa. Inganda zipakira ahanini zigaragarira mu bushyuhe n'ubushuhe bw'ikirere, umubare w'uduce tw'umukungugu mu kirere, n'ubwiza bw'amazi mu bipfunyika by'ibiribwa n'imiti. Birumvikana ko uburyo busanzwe bwo gukora bw'abakozi bakora nabwo ari ingenzi cyane.
Gutera umuti udafite ivumbi ni ikigo cyigenga gikoreramo gifunze kigizwe n'ibyuma bya sandwich panels, bishobora kuyungurura neza umwanda w'ikirere kibi ku bicuruzwa no kugabanya ivumbi mu gace gatera umuti n'umuvuduko w'ibicuruzwa. Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ridafite ivumbi birushaho kunoza ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa, nka televiziyo/ mudasobwa, shell ya terefone igendanwa, DVD/VCD, imikino yo kuri interineti, gufata amashusho, mudasobwa ikoreshwa mu ntoki ya PDA, shell ya kamera, amajwi, icyuma cyumisha umusatsi, MD, kwisiga, ibikinisho n'ibindi bikoresho byo gukora. Uburyo: ahantu ho gupakira → gukuraho ivumbi n'intoki → gukuraho ivumbi rikoresha amashanyarazi → gutera umuti n'intoki/ako kanya → ahantu ho kumisha → ahantu ho gukonjesha irangi rya UV → ahantu ho gucapa ecran → ahantu ho kugenzura ubuziranenge → ahantu ho kwakira.
Kugira ngo hagaragazwe ko ahantu ho gupakira ibiribwa hatarimo ivumbi bikora neza, hagomba kwemezwa ko hujuje ibisabwa n'ibi bikurikira:
① Ingano y'umwuka uturuka mu ipaki y'ibiribwa idafite ivumbi irahagije kugira ngo igabanya cyangwa ikureho umwanda uturuka mu nzu.
② Umucyo uri mu ipaki y'ibiribwa udafite ivumbi uva ahantu hasukuye ujya ahantu hasukuye, umwuka wanduye utembera muke, kandi icyerekezo cy'umwuka ku muryango no mu nyubako yo mu nzu ni cyo gikwiye.
③ Ubushobozi bw'umwuka bwo gupakira ibiribwa mu iduka ridafite ivumbi ntabwo buzongera cyane umwanda wo mu nzu.
④ Imiterere y'umwuka wo mu nzu mu ipaki y'ibiribwa idafite ivumbi ishobora kwemeza ko nta hantu hahurira abantu benshi mu cyumba gifunze. Iyo icyumba gisukuye cyujuje ibisabwa n'ibipimo byavuzwe haruguru, ingano y'uduce twacyo cyangwa ingano ya mikorobe (niba bikenewe) ishobora gupimwa kugira ngo hamenyekane ko cyujuje ibisabwa byagenwe mu cyumba gisukuye.
Inganda zikora ibipfunyika by'ibiribwa:
1. Ingano y'umwuka usohoka n'ingano y'imyotsi isohoka: Niba ari icyumba gisukuye gitemba, ingano y'umwuka usohoka n'ingano y'imyotsi isohoka bigomba gupimwa. Niba ari icyumba gisukuye giherereye mu cyerekezo kimwe, umuvuduko w'umuyaga wacyo ugomba gupimwa.
2. Kugenzura ikirere hagati y’uturere: Kugira ngo hagaragazwe ko icyerekezo cy’ikirere hagati y’uturere ari cyo, ni ukuvuga ko gituruka ahantu hasukuye kijya ahantu hasukuye, ni ngombwa kugerageza:
① Itandukaniro ry'umuvuduko hagati ya buri gace ni ryo;
② Icyerekezo cy'umwuka utembera ku muryango cyangwa mu myobo iri ku rukuta, hasi, n'ibindi ni cyo, ni ukuvuga ko uva ahantu hasukuye ujya ahantu hasukuye.
3. Gupima amazi asohoka mu firigo: Akayunguruzo gakoresha ikoranabuhanga rihanitse n'inyuma kako bigomba gusuzumwa kugira ngo hamenyekane neza ko imyanda iva mu firigo itanyuramo:
① Akayunguruzo kangiritse;
② Icyuho kiri hagati y'akayunguruzo n'umuyoboro wako wo hanze;
③ Ibindi bice by'igikoresho cyo kuyungurura hanyuma binjire mu cyumba.
4. Gupima aho amazi aturuka mu buryo bwo kwitandukanya: Iki kizamini ni ukugaragaza ko imyanda iva mu mazu idakwirakwira mu bikoresho by'ubwubatsi ngo yinjire mu cyumba gisukuye.
5. Kugenzura uburyo umwuka unyura mu nzu: Ubwoko bw'ikizamini cyo kugenzura uburyo umwuka unyuramo giterwa n'imiterere y'umwuka mu cyumba gisukuye - cyaba gihuze cyangwa gihuze. Niba umwuka unyura mu cyumba gisukuye uhuze, bigomba kwemezwa ko nta gace kari mu cyumba aho umwuka unyuramo uhagije. Niba ari icyumba gisukuye gihuze, bigomba kwemezwa ko umuvuduko w'umuyaga n'icyerekezo cy'icyumba cyose byujuje ibisabwa mu gishushanyo.
6. Ubwinshi bw'udukoko duto n'ubwinshi bw'udukoko: Iyo ibipimo byavuzwe haruguru byujuje ibisabwa, ubwinshi bw'udukoko n'ubwinshi bw'udukoko (igihe bibaye ngombwa) birapimwa kugira ngo harebwe ko byujuje ibisabwa mu buryo bwa tekiniki mu gishushanyo mbonera cy'icyumba gisukuye.
7. Ibindi bizamini: Uretse ibyavuzwe haruguru ku bijyanye no kurwanya umwanda, kimwe cyangwa byinshi muri ibi bikurikira bigomba gukorwa rimwe na rimwe: ubushyuhe; ubushuhe; ubushobozi bwo gushyushya no gukonjesha mu nzu; agaciro k'urusaku; urumuri; agaciro ko guhindagura.
Inganda zikora imiti:
1. Ibisabwa mu kugenzura ibidukikije:
① Tanga urwego rwo gusukura umwuka rukenewe kugira ngo hakorwe. Umubare w'uduce tw'umukungugu w'umwuka n'udukoko tuzima mu mushinga wo gusukura aho gupakira ugomba kugeragezwa no kwandikwa buri gihe. Itandukaniro ry'umuvuduko uhoraho hagati y'aho gupakira ku rwego rutandukanye rigomba kuguma mu gaciro kagenwe.
② Ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe bw'umushinga wo gusukura ipaki bigomba guhuza n'ibisabwa mu buryo bwo kuwukora.
③ Ahantu hakorerwa imiti ya penisiline, imiti itera ubwivumbure bwinshi n'imiti irwanya ibibyimba hagomba gushyirwaho uburyo bwo gushyiramo umwuka wigenga, kandi imyuka isohora umwuka igomba gusukurwa.
④ Ku byumba bitanga ivumbi, hagomba gushyirwaho ibikoresho byiza byo gukusanya ivumbi kugira ngo hirindwe kwanduzwa kw'ivumbi.
⑤ Ku byumba by’inyongera bikorerwamo imirimo nko mu bubiko, ibikoresho byo guhumeka n’ubushyuhe n’ubushuhe bigomba kuba bihuye n’ibisabwa mu gukora imiti no gupakira.
2. Gushyira isuku mu gace n'inshuro zo guhumeka: Icyumba gisukuye kigomba kugenzura cyane isuku y'umwuka, ndetse n'ibipimo nk'ubushyuhe bw'ibidukikije, ubushuhe, ingano y'umwuka mwiza n'itandukaniro ry'umuvuduko.
① Urwego rwo gusukura n'inshuro zo guhumeka mu iduka ry'imiti n'udupaki. Isuku y'umwuka mu mushinga wo gusukura mu iduka ry'imiti n'udupaki igabanyijemo ibyiciro bine: icyiciro cya 100, icyiciro cya 10.000, icyiciro cya 100.000 n'icyiciro cya 300.000. Kugira ngo hamenyekane inshuro zo guhumeka mu cyumba gisukuye, ni ngombwa kugereranya ingano y'umwuka wa buri kintu no gufata agaciro ntarengwa. Mu by'ukuri, inshuro zo guhumeka mu iduka ry'imiti n'udupaki ...
② Gushyira isuku mu mishinga y’icyumba cy’isuku mu iduka ry’imiti. Imiterere yihariye y’isuku mu ikorwa ry’imiti n’aho ipakirwa ishingiye ku mahame ngenderwaho y’igihugu yo gusukura.
③ Kugena ibindi bipimo by'ibidukikije by'umushinga w'icyumba cyo gusukura mu iduka ryo gupakira.
④ Ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe by'umushinga w'icyumba cyo gusukura mu ipaki. Ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe bw'icyumba cyo gusukura bigomba guhuza n'uburyo bwo gukora imiti. Ubushyuhe: 20 ~ 23℃ (impeshyi) ku isuku yo mu cyiciro cya 100 n'iy'icyiciro cya 10.000, 24 ~ 26℃ ku isuku yo mu cyiciro cya 100.000 n'iy'icyiciro cya 300.000, 26 ~ 27℃ ku bice rusange. Isuku yo mu cyiciro cya 100 na 10.000 ni ibyumba bidafite ubusembwa. Ubushuhe: 45-50% (impeshyi) ku miti isukuye, 50% ~ 55% ku miti ikomeye nk'ibinini, 55% ~ 65% ku guterwa amazi n'amazi yo kunywa.
⑤ Sukura igitutu cyo mu cyumba kugira ngo isuku yo mu nzu ikomeze kuba nziza, igitutu cyiza kigomba kuguma mu nzu. Ku byumba bisukuye bitanga ivumbi, ibintu byangiza, kandi bigatanga imiti ya penisiline itera allergie nyinshi, umwanda wo hanze ugomba kwirindwa cyangwa igitutu kibi kigomba kuguma mu bice bitandukanye. Igitutu cy’ibyumba bifite isuku itandukanye. Igitutu cyo mu nzu kigomba kuguma mu bwiza, gifite itandukaniro rirenze 5Pa ugereranije n’icyumba cyegeranye, kandi igitutu cy’umuvuduko hagati y’icyumba gisukuye n’ikirere cyo hanze kigomba kuba kinini kuruta 10Pa.
Inganda z'ibiribwa:
Ibiryo ni byo bintu by'ingenzi ku bantu, kandi indwara zituruka mu kanwa, bityo umutekano n'isuku by'inganda z'ibiribwa bigira uruhare runini mu buzima bwacu bwa buri munsi. Umutekano n'isuku by'ibiribwa bigomba kugenzurwa ahanini mu bintu bitatu: icya mbere, imikorere isanzwe y'abakozi bakora; icya kabiri, kugenzura ihumana ry'ibidukikije byo hanze (hagomba gushyirwaho ahantu hasukuye ho gukorera. Icya gatatu, isoko ry'amasoko rigomba kuba ridafite ibikoresho fatizo by'ibicuruzwa biteye ikibazo.
Ahantu ho gukorera ibiribwa hagomba kuba hahujwe n’umusaruro, hafite imiterere ikwiye kandi amazi asukuye neza; hasi ho gukorera ibiribwa hubatswe ibikoresho bidatemba, bikomeye, bidashobora kwinjiramo kandi birwanya ingese, kandi ni ndende, nta mazi menshi yirundanyije, kandi bigahora bisukuye; aho gukorera ibiribwa bisohokera n’aho amazi asukura n’aho umwuka uhuzwa n’isi yo hanze bifite ibikoresho birwanya imbeba, birwanya isazi n’udukoko. Inkuta, ibisenge, inzugi n’amadirishya mu kigo bigomba kuba byubatswe hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bidafite uburozi, bifite ibara ryoroheje, bidashobora amazi, bidashobora kuvunguka, bidashobora gushonga kandi byoroshye gusukura. Inguni z’inkuta, impande zo hasi n’impande zo hejuru bigomba kugira umurongo (uburebure bw’umurambararo ntibugomba kuba munsi ya cm 3). Ameza yo gukoresha, imikandara yo gutwara ibintu, imodoka zitwara abantu n’ibikoresho mu kigo bigomba kuba bikozwe mu bikoresho bidafite uburozi, birwanya ingese, bidafite ingese, byoroshye koza no kwica udukoko, hamwe n’ibikoresho bikomeye. Umubare uhagije w’ibikoresho byo gukaraba intoki, kwica udukoko no kumisha intoki bigomba gushyirwa ahantu hakwiye, kandi robine zigomba kuba zidafite intoki. Dukurikije ibyo gutunganya ibicuruzwa bikenewe, hagomba kubaho ibikoresho byo gusukura inkweto, inkweto n'amapine ku muryango w'aho bakorera. Hagomba kubaho icyumba cyo kwambariramo gihujwe n'aho bakorera. Dukurikije ibyo gutunganya ibicuruzwa bikenewe, ubwiherero n'ubwiherero bihujwe n'aho bakorera nabyo bigomba gushyirwaho.
Ikoranabuhanga rya Optoelectronics:
Icyumba cyo gusukura ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki muri rusange gikwiriye ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, mudasobwa, inganda za semiconductor, inganda z'imodoka, inganda z'indege, fotolithography, inganda zikora mudasobwa nto n'izindi nganda. Uretse isuku y'umwuka, ni ngombwa kandi kwemeza ko ibisabwa mu gukuraho amashanyarazi adahindagurika byujuje ibisabwa. Ibi bikurikira ni intangiriro y'amahugurwa yo gusukura nta mukungugu mu nganda zikora elegitoroniki, dufatiye urugero ku nganda zigezweho za LED.
Isesengura ry'imishinga yo gushyiraho ikigo cy'isuku cya LED n'iy'ubwubatsi: Muri iki gishushanyo, bivuga gushyiraho ikigo cy'isuku kitagira ivumbi mu buryo bwo gutunganya ibyuma, kandi isuku yacyo muri rusange ni ikigo cy'isuku cya 1.000, ikigo cy'isuku cya 10.000 cyangwa ikigo cy'isuku cya 100.000. Gushyiraho ikigo cy'isuku cya ecran y'urumuri rw'inyuma ni ikigo cy'isukura, guteranya n'ibindi bigo by'isukura kuri ibyo bicuruzwa, kandi isuku yacyo muri rusange ni ikigo cy'isuku cya 10.000 cyangwa ikigo cy'isuku cya 100.000. Ibisabwa ku bipimo by'umwuka wo mu nzu kugira ngo ikigo cy'isuku cya LED gishyirweho:
1. Ibisabwa ku bushyuhe n'ubushuhe: Ubushyuhe muri rusange ni 24±2℃, naho ubushuhe ni 55±5%.
2. Ingano y'umwuka mwiza: Kubera ko hari abantu benshi muri ubu bwoko bw'ivumbi risukuye, agaciro ntarengwa gakurikira kagomba gufatwa hakurikijwe agaciro gakurikira: 10-30% by'ingano y'umwuka wose utangwa n'ivumbi mu ivuriro ridafite icyerekezo kimwe; ingano y'umwuka mwiza ukenewe kugira ngo wishyure imyuka isohoka mu nzu no kugumana igipimo cy'umuvuduko mwiza mu nzu; menya neza ko ingano y'umwuka mwiza mu nzu kuri buri muntu ku isaha ari ≥40m3/h.
3. Ingano nini y'umwuka utangwa. Kugira ngo huzuzwe isuku n'ubushyuhe n'ubukonje mu cyumba cyo gusukura, hakenewe ingano nini y'umwuka utangwa. Ku kigo cyo gusukura gifite ubuso bwa metero kare 300 gifite uburebure bwa metero 2.5, niba ari ikigo cyo gusukura gifite ubuso bwa metero 10.000, ingano y'umwuka utangwa igomba kuba 300 * 2.5 * 30 = 22500m3 / h (inshuro zo guhindura umwuka ni ≥ 25 / h); niba ari ikigo cyo gusukura gifite ubuso bwa metero 100.000, ingano y'umwuka igomba kuba 300 * 2.5 * 20 = 15000m3 / h (inshuro zo guhindura umwuka ni ≥ 15 / h).
Ubuvuzi n'ubuzima:
Ikoranabuhanga risukuye kandi ryitwa ikoranabuhanga ryo mu cyumba gisukuye. Uretse kuba ryujuje ibisabwa bisanzwe by'ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe mu byumba bifite icyuma gikonjesha, ibikoresho bitandukanye by'ubuhanga n'ikoranabuhanga hamwe n'imicungire ihamye bikoreshwa mu kugenzura ingano y'ibice byo mu nzu, urujya n'uruza rw'umwuka, umuvuduko w'umwuka, nibindi mu rwego runaka. Ubwo bwoko bw'icyumba bwitwa icyumba gisukuye. Icyumba gisukuye cyubatswe kandi gikoreshwa mu bitaro. Hamwe n'iterambere ry'ubuvuzi n'ubuvuzi hamwe n'ikoranabuhanga rihanitse, ikoranabuhanga risukuye rikoreshwa cyane mu buvuzi, kandi ibisabwa mu buhanga nabyo biri hejuru. Ibyumba bisukuye bikoreshwa mu buvuzi bigabanyijemo ibice bitatu: ibyumba byo kubaga bisukuye, ibyumba byo kwita ku barwariyemo bisukuye na laboratwari zisukuye.
Icyumba cyo gukoreramo cy’imashini:
Icyumba cyo gukoreramo cy’imashini gifata udukoko two mu nzu nk'intego yo kugenzura, ibipimo by'imikorere n'ibipimo byo gushyira mu byiciro, kandi isuku y'umwuka ni ingenzi. Icyumba cyo gukoreramo cy’imashini gishobora kugabanywamo ibice bikurikira hakurikijwe urwego rw'isuku:
1. Icyumba cyihariye cyo kubaga: Isuku y'aho kubaga ni icyiciro cya 100, naho akarere kayikikije ni icyiciro cya 1.000. Ikwiriye kubagwa mu buryo butagira ingaruka mbi nko gutwika, guhindura ingingo, gutera ingingo, kubaga ubwonko, kuvura amaso, kubaga plastike no kubaga umutima.
2. Icyumba cyo kubagamo cy’imashini: Isuku y’aho kubaga ni icyiciro cya 1000, naho akarere kayikikije ni icyiciro cya 10.000. Ikwiriye kubagwa mu buryo budafite aside nko kubaga igifu, kubaga plastike, kubaga urology, kubaga umwijima na pancreas, kubaga amagufwa no gukuramo amagi.
3. Icyumba rusange cyo kubaga: Isuku y'aho kubaga ni icyiciro cya 10.000, naho akarere kayikikije ni icyiciro cya 100.000. Ikwiriye kubagwa muri rusange, kuvura uruhu no kubagwa mu nda.
4. Icyumba cyo kubaga gisukuye neza: Isuku y'umwuka ni icyiciro cya 100.000, ikwiriye ku babyeyi batwite, kubaga inda z'amaraso n'ibindi bikorwa. Uretse urwego rw'isuku n'ubwinshi bwa bagiteri mu cyumba cyo kubaga gisukuye, ibipimo bya tekiniki bireba bigomba kandi kubahiriza amabwiriza abigenga. Reba imbonerahamwe y'ibipimo by'ingenzi bya tekiniki by'ibyumba ku nzego zose mu ishami rishinzwe kubaga gisukuye. Imiterere y'icyumba cyo kubaga gisukuye igomba kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: ahantu hasukuye n'ahantu hatasukuye hakurikijwe ibisabwa rusange. Icyumba cyo kubaga n'ibyumba bikora neza bikorera mu cyumba cyo kubaga bigomba kuba biri ahantu hasukuye. Iyo abantu n'ibintu binyura mu bice bitandukanye by'isuku mu cyumba cyo kubaga gisukuye, hagomba gushyirwaho ifunga ry'umwuka, ibyumba byo gufunga cyangwa agasanduku k'inzira. Icyumba cyo kubaga gisanzwe kiri mu gice cy'imbere. Imbere n'imiterere y'umuyoboro bigomba kubahiriza amahame y'imikorere no gutandukanya neza isuku n'umwanda.
Ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibyumba by'abaforomo bisukuye mu bitaro:
Ibyumba by’abaforomo bisukuye bigabanyijemo ibyumba byo kwishyira mu kato n’ibyumba byita ku barwayi barembye. Ibyumba byo kwishyira mu kato bigabanyijemo ibyiciro bine hakurikijwe ibyago bya binyabuzima: P1, P2, P3, na P4. Ibyumba bya P1 muri rusange ni bimwe n’ibyumba bisanzwe, kandi nta tegeko ryihariye ribuza abantu bo hanze kwinjira no gusohoka; Ibyumba bya P2 birakomeye kurusha ibyumba bya P1, kandi abantu bo hanze muri rusange babujijwe kwinjira no gusohoka; Ibyumba bya P3 bitandukanyijwe n’inyuma n’inzugi ziremereye cyangwa ibyumba byo ku ruhande, kandi igitutu cy’imbere mu cyumba ni kibi; Ibyumba bya P4 bitandukanyijwe n’inyuma n’ahantu ho kwishyira mu kato, kandi igitutu cy’imbere mu nzu ni kibi kuri 30Pa. Abakozi bo kwa muganga bambara imyenda yo kwirinda kwandura. Ibigo byita ku barwayi barembye birimo ICU (icyumba cyita ku barwayi barembye), CCU (icyumba cyita ku barwayi b'umutima n'imitsi), NICU (icyumba cyita ku bana batarageza igihe), icyumba cyita ku barwayi barembye, nibindi. Ubushyuhe bw'icyumba cyita ku barwayi barembye ni 242, umuvuduko w'umuyaga ni 0.15-0.3/m/s, ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 60%, kandi isuku ni icyiciro cya 100. Muri icyo gihe, umwuka usukuye utangwa ugomba kubanza kugera ku mutwe w'umurwayi, kugira ngo agace ko guhumeka mu kanwa no mu mazuru kabe ku ruhande rw'umwuka, kandi amazi atambitse arusheho kugenda neza. Gupima ubwinshi bwa bagiteri mu cyumba cy'ubushye bigaragaza ko gukoresha amazi yarembye afite inyungu zigaragara kuruta kuvurwa mu buryo bufunguye, aho umuvuduko wo guterwa mu nkoni ya 0.2m/s, ubushyuhe bwa 28-34, n'urwego rw'isuku rwa 1000. Ibigo by'ubuhumekero ni gake cyane mu Bushinwa. Ubu bwoko bw'icyumba bufite ibisabwa bikomeye ku bushyuhe n'ubushuhe bwo mu nzu. Ubushyuhe bugenzurwa kuri 23-30°C, ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 40-60%, kandi buri cyumba gishobora guhindurwa hakurikijwe ibyo umurwayi akeneye. Urwego rw'isuku rugenzurwa hagati y'icyiciro cya 10 n'icyiciro cya 10000, kandi urusaku ruri munsi ya 45dB (A). Abakozi binjira mu cyumba bagomba kwisukura nko guhindura imyenda no kwiyuhagira, kandi icyumba kigomba kugumana igitutu cyiza.
Laboratwari:
Laboratwari zigabanyijemo laboratwari zisanzwe na laboratwari zishinzwe umutekano w’ibinyabuzima. Igerageza rikorerwa muri laboratwari zisanzwe zisukuye ntabwo ryandura, ariko ibidukikije birasabwa kugira ngo nta ngaruka mbi bigira ku igerageza ubwaryo. Kubwibyo, nta bikoresho byo kurinda biri muri laboratwari, kandi isuku igomba kuzuza ibisabwa mu igerageza.
Laboratwari y’umutekano w’ibinyabuzima ni igerageza ry’ibinyabuzima rifite ibikoresho by’ibanze byo kurinda bishobora kugera ku burinzi bw’ibanze. Igerageza ryose rya siyansi mu bijyanye na mikorobe, ubuvuzi bw’ibinyabuzima, igerageza ry’imikorere, no guhuza ingirabuzimafatizo zisanzwe rikenera laboratwari z’umutekano w’ibinyabuzima. Ishingiro rya laboratwari z’umutekano w’ibinyabuzima ni umutekano, zigabanyemo ibyiciro bine: P1, P2, P3, na P4 bitewe n’urwego rw’ibyago by’ibinyabuzima.
Laboratwari za P1 zikwiriye indwara zisanzwe ziterwa n’udukoko, tudakunze gutera indwara ku bantu bakuru bazima kandi ntizigire ingaruka mbi ku bakozi bagerageza n’ibidukikije. Urugi rugomba gufungwa mu gihe cy’igerageza kandi igikorwa kigomba gukorwa hakurikijwe igerageza risanzwe rya mikorobe; Laboratwari za P2 zikwiriye indwara zishobora guteza akaga gake ku bantu no ku bidukikije. Kugera mu gice cy’igerageza ni bike. Igerageza rishobora gutera umwuka uhumeka rigomba gukorerwa mu tubati tw’ubuziranenge bw’ibinyabuzima byo mu cyiciro cya II, kandi autoclaves zigomba kuboneka; Laboratwari za P3 zikoreshwa mu byumba by’ubuvuzi, gusuzuma, kwigisha, cyangwa gukora. Imirimo ijyanye n’udukoko two mu mubiri n’utwo hanze ikorerwa kuri uru rwego. Kwishyira no guhumeka kw’udukoko bizatera indwara zikomeye kandi zishobora kwica. Laboratwari ifite inzugi ebyiri cyangwa imfunzo z’umwuka n’agace k’igerageza ko hanze. Abatari abakozi barabujijwe kwinjira. Laboratwari ifite umuvuduko mubi cyane. Utubati tw’ubuziranenge bw’ibinyabuzima byo mu cyiciro cya II dukoreshwa mu igerageza. Utwuma twa hepa dukoreshwa mu kuyungurura umwuka wo mu nzu no kuwusohora hanze. Laboratwari za P4 zifite ibisabwa bikomeye kurusha laboratwari za P3. Hari udukoko twangiza two mu kirere dufite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura indwara ziterwa n’umwuka ushyushye. Imirimo ikwiye ikwiye gukorwa muri laboratoire za P4. Imiterere y’ahantu higenga ho kwitandukanya mu nyubako n’igice cyo hanze irakoreshwa. Umuvuduko mubi ukomeza gukoreshwa mu nzu. Utubati tw’ubutabazi bw’ibinyabuzima two mu cyiciro cya gatatu dukoreshwa mu igerageza. Ibikoresho byo gutandukanya umwuka n’ibyumba byo kwiyuhagiriramo birashyizweho. Abakora bagomba kwambara imyenda irinda. Abatari abakozi barabujijwe kwinjira. Ishingiro ry’igishushanyo mbonera cya laboratoire z’ubutabazi bw’ibinyabuzima ni ukwitandukanya kw’ibintu, kandi ingamba zo gusohora imyotsi ni zo zibandaho. Gusukura amazi aho hantu birakomeye, kandi hitabwaho gutandukanya amazi meza n’amazi mabi kugira ngo hirindwe ikwirakwira ry’ibintu ku buryo butunguranye. Isuku iri hagati irakenewe.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nyakanga-26-2024