Nkuko bizwi, igice kinini cy’inganda zo mu rwego rwo hejuru, zikora neza kandi ziteye imbere ntizishobora kubaho zidafite icyumba gisukuye kitagira ivumbi, nk’amapaneri ya CCL circuit substrate copper clad panels, PCB circuit boards, photoelectronic LCD ecrans na LEDs, bateri za lithium 3C zikoresha ingufu n’amashanyarazi, hamwe n’inganda zimwe na zimwe zikora imiti n’ibiribwa.
Bitewe n'iterambere rya siyansi n'ikoranabuhanga, amahame y'ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa bikenerwa n'inganda zikora ibintu ahora arushaho kunozwa. Kubwibyo, abakora inganda ntibakeneye gusa guhanga udushya mu bicuruzwa byabo uhereye ku musaruro, ahubwo banakeneye kunoza ibidukikije bikorerwamo ibicuruzwa, kubahiriza cyane ibisabwa mu byumba bisukuye, no kunoza ireme n'ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa.
Byaba ari ukuvugurura inganda zisanzweho bitewe n’ubwiza bw’ibicuruzwa cyangwa kwaguka kw’inganda bitewe n’uko isoko rikenewe, inganda zizahura n’ibibazo bikomeye bijyanye n’ejo hazaza h’ikigo, nko gutegura imishinga.
Kuva ku bikorwaremezo kugeza ku mitako, kuva ku bukorikori kugeza ku kugura ibikoresho, hari urukurikirane rw'imishinga igoye. Muri iki gikorwa, impungenge z'ingenzi ku bubatsi zigomba kuba ari ireme ry'umushinga n'igiciro cyawo cyose.
Ibi bikurikira bizasobanura muri make ibintu byinshi by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku kiguzi cy'icyumba gisukura kitagira ivumbi mu gihe cyo kubaka inganda.
1. Ibintu by'Umwanya
Ikintu cy'umwanya kigizwe n'ibintu bibiri: ubuso bw'icyumba gisukuye n'uburebure bw'igisenge cy'icyumba gisukuye, bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku giciro cyo gushushanya imbere n'aho gifungiye: inkuta zo gutandukanya icyumba gisukuye n'igisenge cy'icyumba gisukuye. Igiciro cy'ishoramari ry'icyuma gikonjesha, ingano y'ubuso busabwa bw'icyuma gikonjesha, uburyo bwo gutanga no kugarura umwuka ukonjesha, icyerekezo cy'umuyoboro w'icyuma gikonjesha, n'ingano y'aho icyuma gikonjesha gikonjesha.
Kugira ngo hirindwe kongera ishoramari ry’umushinga bitewe n’impamvu z’ahantu, utegura umushinga ashobora gusuzuma ibintu bibiri mu buryo burambuye: ahantu ho gukorera ibikoresho bitandukanye byo gutunganya umushinga (harimo uburebure cyangwa ubugari bw’aho bikorerwa, kubungabungwa no gusana) n’icyerekezo cy’umuvuduko w’abakozi n’ibikoresho.
Muri iki gihe, inyubako zikurikiza amahame yo kubungabunga ubutaka, ibikoresho n'ingufu, bityo icyumba cyo gusukura kitagira ivumbi ntabwo ari ngombwa ko kiba kinini uko bishoboka kose. Mu gihe cyo kwitegura kubaka, ni ngombwa gusuzuma ibikoresho byacyo byo gutunganya umusaruro n'imikorere yacyo, bishobora kwirinda ishoramari ritari ngombwa.
2. Ibintu bifasha mu gusukura ikirere, ubushyuhe n'isuku y'umwuka
Ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, n'isuku y'umwuka ni amakuru ngenderwaho yerekeye ibidukikije mu cyumba gisukuye yagenewe ibicuruzwa by'inganda, ari na byo shingiro ry'imiterere y'icyumba gisukuye n'ingwate z'ingenzi ku gipimo cy'ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa n'ubudahangarwa. Amabwiriza ariho ubu agabanyijemo amahame ngenderwaho y'igihugu, amahame ngenderwaho y'ibanze, amahame ngenderwaho y'inganda, n'amahame ngenderwaho y'imbere mu kigo.
Amahame ngenderwaho nko gushyira mu byiciro isuku n'amahame ngenderwaho ya GMP ku nganda zikora imiti ni ay'igihugu. Ku nganda nyinshi zikora imiti, amahame ngenderwaho yo kugira icyumba gisukuye mu bikorwa bitandukanye byo gukora agenwa ahanini hashingiwe ku miterere y'ibicuruzwa.
Urugero, ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe byo guhumeka, agace k'udupira twumye, n'udupfukamunwa two gusoda mu nganda za PCB biri hagati ya 22 + 1 ℃ na 55 + 5%, isuku ikaba iri hagati ya 1000 na 100000. Inganda zikora bateri za lithium zishyira imbere cyane uburyo bwo kugenzura ubushuhe buke, ubushuhe buri munsi ya 20%. Amwe mu mashami akomeye yo guteramo amazi agomba kugenzurwa ku bushuhe buri hafi ya 1%.
Gusobanura amahame ngenderwaho y’amakuru yerekeye ibidukikije ku cyumba gisukuye ni yo ngingo y’ingenzi cyane igira ingaruka ku ishoramari ry’umushinga. Gushyiraho urwego rw’isuku bigira ingaruka ku giciro cyo gushushanya: gishyirwa ku rwego rwa 100000 no hejuru, bisaba ko icyumba gisukuye gikenewe, inzugi n’amadirishya by’icyumba gisukuye, ibikoresho byo kohereza umuyaga ku bakozi n’ibintu, ndetse n’ubutaka buhenze cyane. Muri icyo gihe, bigira ingaruka no ku giciro cy’umwuka ushyushye: uko isuku irushaho kuba nyinshi, ni ko umwuka uhinduka mwinshi kugira ngo huzuzwe ibisabwa mu gusukura, ni ko umwuka urushaho kuba mwinshi kuri AHU, kandi ko umwuka ujya mu mpera z’umuyoboro w’umwuka urushaho kwiyongera.
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, uburyo bwo gukora ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe mu iduka ntibwibanda gusa ku bibazo byavuzwe haruguru, ahubwo bunareba no kugenzura ubuziranenge. Uko ubuziranenge burushaho kuba bwinshi, ni ko ibikoresho bikenerwa birushaho kuba byuzuye. Iyo ubushuhe bugera kuri +3% cyangwa ± 5%, ibikoresho bikenewe byo gukurura ubushuhe no gukuraho ubushuhe bigomba kuba byuzuye.
Gushyiraho ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, n'isuku ntibigira ingaruka gusa ku ishoramari rya mbere, ahubwo binagira ingaruka ku biciro by'imikorere mu cyiciro cya nyuma cy'uruganda rufite umusingi uhora ushaje. Bityo, hashingiwe ku miterere y'ibicuruzwa byarwo, hamwe n'amahame y'igihugu, amahame y'inganda, n'amahame y'imbere y'ikigo, gushyiraho amahame y'amakuru ajyanye n'ibidukikije ahuye n'ibyo gikeneye ni intambwe y'ingenzi mu kwitegura kubaka icyumba gisukuye.
3. Ibindi bintu
Uretse ibisabwa bibiri by'ingenzi ku isanzure n'ibidukikije, hari ibintu bimwe na bimwe bigira ingaruka ku kubahiriza amabwiriza yo gusukura ibyumba byo gukoreramo, bikunze kwirengagizwa n'ibigo bikora igishushanyo mbonera cyangwa iby'ubwubatsi, bigatuma habaho ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe bwinshi. Urugero, gusuzuma ikirere cyo hanze mu buryo budahagije, kudatekereza ku bushobozi bw'ibikoresho byohereza imyuka, gutanga ubushyuhe mu bikoresho, gukora ivumbi ry'ibikoresho n'ubushobozi bwo gukurura ubushuhe mu bikoresho bivuye ku bakozi benshi, n'ibindi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-12-2023