ICYUMBA GISHYA NI IKI?

Incamake y'icyumba gisukuye

Ibyumba bisukuye bikoreshwa hafi muri buri nganda aho uduce duto dushobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku buryo bwo kubikora. Bitandukanye mu bunini no mu buryo bugoye, kandi bikoreshwa cyane mu nganda nko mu nganda zikora ibikoresho bya semiconductor, imiti, ikoranabuhanga rya biotech, ibikoresho by’ubuvuzi n’ubumenyi bw’ubuzima, ndetse no mu nganda zikora ibintu by’ingenzi bikunze gukoreshwa mu by’indege, optique, igisirikare n’ishami ry’ingufu.

Icyumba gisukuye ni ahantu hose hashyirwa ibintu bigamije kugabanya ubwandu bw’udukoko no kugenzura ibindi bipimo by’ibidukikije nk’ubushyuhe, ubushuhe n’umuvuduko. Igice cy’ingenzi ni akayunguruzo ka Hepa gakoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho (HEPA) gakoreshwa mu gufata uduce dufite ingano ya mikoroni 0.3 kandi tunini. Umwuka wose ugezwa mu cyumba gisukuye unyura muri akayunguruzo ka HEPA, kandi rimwe na rimwe aho isuku ikenewe cyane, akayunguruzo ka Ultra Low Particulate Air (ULPA) karakoreshwa.
Abakozi batoranijwe gukorera mu byumba bisukuye bahabwa amahugurwa menshi mu bijyanye no kurwanya ubwandu. Binjira kandi basohoka mu cyumba gisukuye banyuze mu byuma bifunga umwuka, mu bwogero cyangwa mu byumba byo kwambariramo imyenda, kandi bagomba kwambara imyenda yihariye yagenewe gufata imyanda ikomoka ku ruhu no ku mubiri.
Bitewe n'uburyo icyumba gishyirwamo cyangwa imikorere yacyo, imyenda y'abakozi ishobora kuba mike nk'amakoti yo muri laboratwari n'imisego y'ubwoya, cyangwa ikaba nini nk'uko ipfundikiye amakoti menshi y'urukwavu afite imiterere itandukanye hamwe n'ibikoresho byo guhumeka byigenga.
Imyenda isukuye yo mu cyumba ikoreshwa mu gukumira ibintu biva mu mubiri w'uwambaye no kwanduza ibidukikije. Imyenda isukuye yo mu cyumba ubwayo ntigomba kurekura uduce cyangwa insinga kugira ngo hirindwe kwanduza ibidukikije n'abakozi. Ubu bwoko bw'ubwandu bw'abakozi bushobora kwangiza imikorere y'ibicuruzwa mu nganda zikora imiti n'izikora imiti kandi bishobora gutera kwandura hagati y'abakozi bo kwa muganga n'abarwayi bo mu rwego rw'ubuvuzi urugero.
Imyenda isukuye yo mu cyumba irimo inkweto, inkweto, amatapi, udupfuka ubwanwa, ingofero zo mu bwoko bwa bouffant, udupfuka, udupfuka mu maso, amakoti yo mu igorofa/yo muri laboratwari, amakanzu, uturindantoki n'udutambaro tw'intoki, imisego y'imisatsi, udupfukantoki, amaboko n'udupfukantoki tw'inkweto. Ubwoko bw'imyenda isukuye yo mu cyumba ikoreshwa bugomba kugaragaza imiterere y'icyumba isukuye n'ibipimo by'ibicuruzwa. Ibyumba bisukuye byo hasi bishobora gusaba gusa inkweto zidasanzwe zifite udupfukantoki tworoshye tudafata umukungugu cyangwa umwanda. Ariko, hasi y'inkweto ntigomba guteza akaga kuko umutekano uhora ushyirwa imbere. Ikoti isukuye ryo mu cyumba ubusanzwe rikenewe kugira ngo umuntu yinjire mu cyumba gisukuye. Ibyumba bisukuye byo mu cyiciro cya 10.000 bishobora gukoresha udupfukantoki tworoshye, udupfukantoki two mu mutwe, n'inkweto. Ku byumba bisukuye byo mu cyiciro cya 10, birakenewe kwambara ikanzu witonze hamwe n'igipfukantoki gipfutse, inkweto, uturindantoki n'agapfukantoki gafite umuyoboro wuzuye wo guhumeka.

Amahame agenga isuku y'umwuka wo mu cyumba

Ibyumba bisukuye bibungabunga umwuka udafite uduce duto binyuze mu gukoresha filter za HEPA cyangwa ULPA zikoresha uburyo bwa laminar cyangwa turbulent air flow. Uburyo bwa Laminar, cyangwa bumwe, butanga umwuka uhuzwa mu ruziga ruhoraho. Ubusanzwe uburyo bwa Laminar air flow bukoreshwa ku gisenge 100% kugira ngo bubungabunge uburyo bwa buri ruhande. Ibipimo ngenderwaho bya Laminar muri rusange bivugwa mu dusanduku tw’akazi twimukanwa (LF hoods), kandi bisabwa muri ISO-1 binyuze muri ISO-4 classified clean floors.
Igishushanyo mbonera cy’icyumba gisukuye gikubiyemo uburyo bwose bwo gukwirakwiza umwuka, harimo n’ibijyanye no kugarura umwuka uhagije kandi wo hasi. Mu byumba bihagaze, bivuze ko hakoreshwa umwuka muke wo ku nkuta hafi y’umupaka w’akarere. Mu bikorwa byo gushyira umwuka mu buryo butambitse, bisaba gukoresha umwuka ugaruka ku nkengero z’umugezi. Gukoresha umwuka uzamuka ku gisenge bihabanye n’igishushanyo mbonera cy’icyumba gisukuye.

Gushyira mu byiciro ibyumba bisukuye

Ibyumba bisukuye bishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe uburyo umwuka usukuye. Muri Federal Standard 209 (kuva kuri A kugeza kuri D) yo muri Amerika, umubare w'uduce duhwanye na 0.5µm kandi turenze upimwe muri metero kibe imwe y'umwuka, kandi iki gipimo gikoreshwa mu gushyira mu byiciro icyumba gisukuye. Iri zina ry'icyitegererezo ryemerwa kandi muri verisiyo ya 209E iheruka y'Icyitegererezo. Federal Standard 209E ikoreshwa mu gihugu imbere. Igipimo gishya ni TC 209 y'Umuryango Mpuzamahanga w'Ubuziranenge. Amabwiriza yombi ashyira icyumba gisukuye mu byiciro by'uduce duboneka mu mwuka wa laboratwari. Amabwiriza yo gushyira mu byiciro icyumba gisukuye FS 209E na ISO 14644-1 asaba ibipimo byihariye by'umubare w'uduce duto n'imibare kugira ngo hamenyekane urwego rw'isuku rw'icyumba gisukuye cyangwa agace gasukuye. Mu Bwongereza, British Standard 5295 ikoreshwa mu gushyira mu byiciro ibyumba bisukuye. Iri tegeko rigiye gusimburwa na BS EN ISO 14644-1.
Ibyumba bisukuye bishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe umubare n'ingano y'uduce twemewe kuri buri ngano y'umwuka. Imibare minini nka "icyiciro cya 100" cyangwa "icyiciro cya 1000" yerekeza kuri FED_STD-209E, kandi igaragaza umubare w'uduce dufite ingano ya 0.5 µm cyangwa nini yemewe kuri buri metero kibe y'umwuka. Ihame kandi ryemerera guhindurwa, bityo birashoboka gusobanura urugero nka "icyiciro cya 2000."
Imibare mito yerekeza ku mahame ngenderwaho ya ISO 14644-1, agaragaza logarithm y'umubare w'uduce twa 0.1 µm cyangwa tunini byemewe kuri metero kibe y'umwuka. Urugero, icyumba gisukuye cya ISO class 5 gifite utuce twa 105 = 100.000 kuri m³.
FS 209E na ISO 14644-1 byombi bifata isano hagati y’ingano y’uduce duto n’ubwinshi bw’uduce duto. Kubera iyo mpamvu, nta kintu kimeze nk’ubwinshi bw’uduce duto. Umwuka usanzwe wo mu cyumba ni hafi miliyoni 1 cyangwa ISO 9.

Amahame ngenderwaho ya ISO 14644-1 yo mu cyumba gisukuye